Outline

Introduction (Figure 15.1)

The Mitochondrion: Scene of the Action (Figure 15.2

Oxidations and Energy Generation (Figure 15.3)

> Quantitation of Reducing Power: Standard Reduction Potential (Reaction #1, #2, #3, #4, Table 15.1)

> Free Energy Changes from Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Eq. 15.1)

> > Free energy Changes Under Standard Conditions (Reaction #1, #2, #3, Eqs. 15.2, 15.3)

> > Free Energy Changes Under Nonstandard Conditions (Eqs. 15.4, 15.5)

> > Free Energy Changes in Biological Oxidations (Reaction, Eq. 15.6)

Electron Transport

> Electron Carriers in the Respiratory Chain (Figure 15.3, Table 15.1)

> > NADH and NADH Dehydrogenase (Reaction #1, #2, #3 Figure 15.4)

> > Coenzyme Q (Figure 15.3, Reaction)

> > Cytochromes (Figure 15.5, Figure 15.6)

> Determining the Sequence of Respiratory Electron Carriers (Figure 15.7)

> > Difference Spectra (Figure 15.8)

> > Inhibitors and Artificial Electron Acceptors (Figure 15.9)

> > Respiratory Complexes (Figure 15.10)

> Shuttling Electron Carriers into Mitochondria (Figure 15.11)

Oxidative Phosphorylation

> The P/O Ratio: Efficiency of Oxidative Phosphorylation (Reaction)

> Oxidative Reactions that Drive ATP Synthesis (Figure 15.12)

> The Enzyme System for ATP Synthesis (Figure 15.14)

> Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation: Chemiosmotic Coupling (Figure 15.15)

> A Closer Look at Chemiosmotic Coupling: The Experimental Evidence

> > Membranes Can Establish Proton Gradients (Eq. 15.7)

> > An Intact Inner Membrane is Required for Oxidative Phosphorylation

> > Key Electron Transport Proteins Span the Inner Membrane

> > Uncouplers Act by Dissipating the Proton Gradient

> > Generation of a Proton Gradient Permits ATP Synthesis Without Electron Transport

> Structural Insights into Oxidative Phosphorylation (The F 0F 1 Complex) (Figure 15.16, Figure 15.18, Figure 15.19, Figure 15.20)

> Respiratory States and Respiratory Control (Figure 15.22, Figure 15.23)

> Mitochondrial Transport Systems (Figure 15.24)

Energy Yields from Oxidative Phosphorylation (Reactions)

Oxygen as a Substrate for Other Metabolic Reactions

> Oxidases and Oxygenases (Reaction #1, #2, #3, #4)

> Cytochrome P450 (Figure 15.25)

> Reactive Oxygen Species, Antioxidant Defenses, and Human Disease

> > Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species

> > Dealing with Oxidative Stress (Reaction #1, #2, #3)

> > Oxygen Metabolism and Human Disease