Category - Enzymes

Query - What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

Reversal

Category - Reactions

Query - What catalytic activity does the enzyme below have?

(Enzyme on left, reaction in middle, figure on right)

2,4-Dienoyl-CoA reductase | Formation of cis-3-enoyl-CoA from trans-2-cis-4-enoyl-CoA | Figure 18.18 | Propionyl-CoA carboxylase | Propionyl-CoA + ATP + HCO3- <=> D-Methylmalonyl-CoA + ADP + Pi |  | Pyruvate carboxylase | Pyruvate + CO2 + ATP + H2O<=> Oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi + H+ |  | Methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase | D-Methylmalonyl-CoA <=> L-Methylmalonyl-CoA |  | 3-Hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase | Catalyzes the removal of water from D-3-hydroxyacyl-ACP. | Reaction #6 of Figure 18.27. | Malate dehydrogenase | L-Malate + NAD+ <=> Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ |  | Malonyl-CoA-ACP transacylase | Malonyl-CoA + ACP <=> Malonyl-ACP + CoASH |  | 2,4-Dienoyl-CoA reductase | Catalyzes the formation of cis-3-enoyl-CoA from trans-2-cis-4-enoyl-CoA. | Reaction #5, Figure 18.18 | Pancreatic lipase | Catalyzes hydrolysis of fats in intestinal mucosa. Works at water-oil interface |  | Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase | L-Methylmalonyl-CoA <=> Succinyl-CoA |  | HMG-CoA reductase | HMG-CoA + 2 NADPH + 2H+ <=> Mevalonate + NADP+ |  | LCAT | Phosphatidylcholine + Cholesterol <=> Lysolecithin + cholesterol ester |  | Malic enzyme | Pyruvate + HCO3- + NADPH + H+ <=> L-Malate + NADP+ + H2O |  | Acetyl-CoA-ACP transacylase | Acetyl-CoA + ACP <=> Acetyl-ACP + CoASH |  | Acetyl-CoA carboxylase | Acetyl-CoA + ATP + HCO3- <=> Malonyl-CoA + ADP + Pi + H+ |  | Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase | Cholesterol + Acyl-CoA <=> Cholesterol esterified to acyl-CoA |  | AMP-dependent protein kinase | Binds AMP and can phosphorylate both acetyl-CoA carboxylase and HMG-CoA reductase kinase. |  | -Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase | Acetoacetate + NADH + H+ <=> -Hydroxybutyrate + NAD+ |  | -Ketoacyl-ACP reductase | Catalyzes the reduction of -ketoacyl-ACP to D-3-hydroxyacyl-ACP in fatty acid biosynthesis. | Reaction 5, Figure 18.27 | -Ketoacyl-ACP synthase | Acyl-ACP + Malonyl-ACP <=> -Ketoacyl-ACP + ACP, + CO2 |  | Acyltransferase II and I | Acyl-Carnitine + CoASH <=> Acyl-CoA + Carnitine |  | Citrate lyase | Citrate + ATP + CoASH <=> Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi |  | Enoyl-ACP reductase | Trans-2-enoyl-ACP + NADPH + H+ <=> Acyl-ACP + NADP+ |  | Enoyl-CoA hydratase | trans-2-enoyl-S-CoA + H2O <=> L-3-hydroxyacyl-S-CoA |  | Enoyl-CoA isomerase | Catalyzes conversion of cis-double bonds in fatty acids at position 3-4 to trans double bonds at position 2-3. This is shown as the second reaction in Figure 18.18. |  | Fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase | Fatty acyl-S-CoA + E-FAD <=> trans-2-enoyl-S-CoA + E-FADH2 |  | Fatty acyl-CoA ligase | Fatty acid + ATP + CoASH <=> Fatty acyl-CoA + AMP + Ppi |  | Methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase | D-Methylmalonyl-CoA <=> L-Methylmalonyl-CoA |

Category - Structures

Query - What is the structure of the molecule below?

Reversal

Category - Molecules

Query - What is the name of the molecule with the structure below?

(molecule on left, structure in center, figure on right)

Acetoacetate |  |  | Acetone |  |  | -Hydroxybutyrate |  |  | Carnitine |  |  | Cholic acid |  |  | Glycerol-3-phosphate |  |  | Glycocholate |  |  | Glycerol |  |  | HMG-CoA |  |  | Lysolecithin |  |  | Cholesterol |  |  | Phosphatidylcholine |  |  | Phytanic acid |  |  | Phosphatidyl choline |  |  | Linolenic acid |  |  | Linoleic acid |  |  | Malonate |  |  | Methylmalonyl-CoA |  |  | Palmitic acid |  |

Category - Definitions

Query - What definition best describes the term below?

Reversal

Category - Term Recognition

Query - What term does the description below refer to?

(Terms are shown on left, descriptions in middle, figures on right)

Adipocytes | Cells of the body involved in storage of fat. |  | Foam Cells | Cholesterol-engorged immune cells |  | Ketone bodies | Produced by the process of ketogenesis, which occurs when acetyl-CoA accumulates beyond its capacity to be oxidized or used for fatty acid synthesis. Examples include acetoacetate, acetone, and -hydroxybutyrate | Figure 18.21 | -3 fatty acids | Fatty acids found in relatively high amounts in fish oils compared to red meats. They tend to depress levels of both serum cholesterol and triacylglycerols. |  | Apolipoproteins | Protein components of lipoprotein complexes |  | Adipose tissue | Body tissue in animals where fat is stored. |  | oxidation | Term used to describe the minor oxidative pathway of fatty acid metabolism. Name comes from the fact that oxidation begins one carbon behind the carboxyl moiety. | Figure 18.20 | Atherogenesis | The process of plaque formation in arteries |  | Bad cholesterol | Term used to describe the LDLs based on the fact that high levels of them are linked to atherosclerosis. |  | oxidation | Term used to describe the primary oxidative pathway of fatty acid metabolism. Name comes from the fact that oxidation begins two carbons behind the carboxyl moiety. | Figure 18.16 | Endocytosis | A process by which cells take up large molecules from the extracellular environment. | Figure 18.10 | Endosome | In receptor mediated endocytosis, name for several of the clathrin-lined vesicles that fuse after absorption into a cell. |  | Foam cell | A white blood cell which has become engorged with cholesterol |  | Good cholesterol | Term used to describe HDLs based on the fact that high levels of them counteract atherogenesis. |  | Ketogenesis | Refers to the process of forming ketone bodies. |  | ACP (Acyl-Carrier Protein) | Acyl carrier group used in fatty acid biosynthesis | Figure 18.26 | Albumin | Protein that carries fatty acids in the bloodstream |  | Apo aI | A peptide of molecular weight 28,300 that is a major component of HDLs. It activates the enzyme, LCAT. It is also found in chylomicrons. | Table 18.2 | Apo aII | A polypeptide of molecular weight 17,400 that is a major component of HDLs. It is also found in chylomicrons. | Table 18.2 | Apo b100 | The major protein found in LDLs and a lesser constituent of IDLs and VLDLs | Table 18.2 | Apo b48 | A protein of molecular weight 241,000 found exclusively in chylomicrons. Coding for it derives from the N-terminal region of Apo B-100 | Table 18.2 | Apo cI | A small polypeptide of 7,000 molecular weight found in chylomicrons. It functions to activate LCAT and Lipoprotein Lipase. | Table 18.2 | Apo cII | A polypeptide of molecular weight 10,000 found primarily in VLDLs and, to a lesser extent, in chylomicrons. It functions to activate Lipoprotein Lipase. A human deficiency of this polypeptide is associated with elevated triacylglycerol levels in blood. | Table 18.2 | Apo cIII | A polypeptide of molecular weight 9,300 found primarily in chylomicrons, VLDLs, and HDLs. It inhibits the action of Lipoprotein Lipase. | Table 18.2 | Apo D | A polypeptide found in HDLs. It is also called cholesterol ester transfer protein. | Table 18.2 | Apo E | A protein found in VLDLs, LDLs, and HDLs. With a molecular weight of 33,000. Is involved in binding lipoprotein complexes to the LDL receptor. Is found in the human Apo C-II gene cluster and a variant of this protein has been associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease. | Table 18.2 | Biotin | A vitamin and a coenzyme commonly associated with enzymes performing carboxylation reactions. |  | Chylomicrons | Lipoprotein complexes that carry dietary lipids (including cholesterol) from the lymph through the bloodstream | Table 18.1, Figure 18.7 | Coated pit | Receptor in the cell membrane that participates in the process of receptor mediated endocytosis |  | Clathrin | The most abundant protein found in coated pits, the site of LDL receptors, which participate in receptor-mediated endocytosis |  | Leptin | The product of the "ob" gene, originally identified in abnormally obese mice. The gene acts as a hormone, binding to a specific site in the brain. |  | Insulin | A peptide hormone that functions in lowering of blood glucose levels. Counteracts the effects of glucagon and epinephrine by favoring dephosphorylation of the proteins that are phosphorylated by the kinase cascade |  | Phytanic acid | An unusual fatty acid derived from phytol which accumulates in patients with Refsum's disease | Figure 18.20 | Polyketides | A class of antibiotics which are made in pathways like fatty acid biosynthesis, but in which one or more of the activities are missing. Examples include erythromycin and oxytetracycline. | Figure 18.35 | HDL | Lipoprotein complexes often referred to as the "good cholesterol" because they function to take cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver and help lower total serum cholesterol | Table 18.1, Figure 18.7 | IDL | Lipoprotein complexes that carry lipids in the bloodstream. Are derived from VLDLs and can be converted into LDLs | Table 18.1, Figure 18.7 | VLDL | Lipoprotein complexes that carry lipids in the bloodstream. Precursors of IDLs | Table 18.1, Figure 18.7 | LDL | Lipoprotein complexes referred to as "bad cholesterol" because prolonged elevation of levels of these leads to atherosclerosis. Are the primary transport vehicle for cholesterol synthesized in the liver | Table 18.1, Figure 18.7 | Scavenger receptor | A specialized receptor on the surface of white blood cells that binds to oxidized LDLs in the process of engorging the LDL |  | Citrate Shuttle | System that operates between the mitochondria and the cytoplasm to move acetyl-CoA out to the cytoplasm for fatty acid synthesis | Figure 18.21 | Carnitine Cycle | Term for the exchange of acetyl-CoA for carnitine as fatty acids enter the mitochondria. After entry, the carnitine is removed and replaced by acetyl-CoA again | Figure 18.15 | Bile Salts | Detergent-like substances secreted by the gall bladder. They are derived from cholesterol and help to emusify fat after a meal. | Figure 18.4

Lipoprotein lipase | An enzyme found in the capillaries that catalyzes the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in chylomicrons to glycerol and fatty acids |