Below are the quiz questions for this module. A programmer should create a database of questions matched with answers. When a user enters this mode, they should be presented with an option to be asked a question. This should prompt a random question from the database and a button offering an answer, which appears when pressed. This then cycles over again until the user clicks an exit button.

Category - Definitions

Query - What definition best describes the term below?

Reversal

Category - Term Recognition

Query - What term does the description below refer to?

(Terms are shown on left, descriptions in middle, figures on right)

Terms | Descriptions | Figures | -lactalbumin | Protein that, when bound to galactosyltransferase, converts it to the enzyme lactose synthase |  | Amino Acids | Molecules, such as alanine, containing an amino group on the carbon adjacent to a carboxyl group. The building blocks of proteins. |  | Anaplerotic Reactions | Pathways which provide molecular intermediates for the citric acid cycle. Literally, to "build up" intermediates. |  | Bacitracin | Antibiotic that kills bacteria by interferring with peptidoglycan synthesis by inhibiting conversion of undecaprenol pyrophosphate to undecaprenol phosphate. | Figure 16.20 | Dolichol phosphate | The lipid upon which oligosaccharides for N-linked glycoproteins are assembled. |  | Endergonic | In a nonisolated system, a process that is accompanied by a positive change in free energy (positive G) and therefore is thermodynamically not favored. |  | Exergonic | In a nonisolated system, a process that is accompanied by a negative change in free energy (negative G) and therefore is thermodynamically favored. |  | Glucogenic | Amino acids which can be converted to oxaloacetate. |  | Gluconeogenesis | Biosynthesis of carbohydrate from three and four carbon precursors, generally noncarbohydrate in nature. | Figure 16.1 Table 16.1 | Glucose-Alanine Cycle | A process parallel to the Cori Cycle in which pyruvate in peripheral tissues undergoes transamination to alanine, which is returned to the liver and used for gluconeogenesis. This pathway is important to help tissues dispose of toxic ammonia during protein degradation. |  | Glycoconjugates | Macromolecules containing covalently bound oligosaccharide chains |  | Glycogen | A polymer of glucose units linked -1,4 with numerous branches linked -1,6. Is the primary glucose storage form in animals. | Figure 16.9 | Glycogen Storage Diseases | Medical condition caused by deficiencies in enzymes of (or related to) glycogen metabolism. | Table 16.2 | Hypoglycemia | A potentially dangerous decrease in blood glucose levels. |  | I-cell disease | Rare congenital disease in which lysosomal function is defective due to problems with transport of N-linked glycoproteins. The problem arises because a glycosyl transferase that generates mannose-6-phosphate is defective, causing lysosomal enzymes to be targeted for cellular export instead of to the lysosomes. |  | Lactam ring | A four membered ring of penicillin that opens during reaction with the bacterial transpeptidase, forming a cross link with the enzyme. |  | N-linked Glycoproteins | A glycoprotein in which the oligosaccharide is joined to protein via asparagine residues (primarily). | Figure 16.16 | O-linked Glycoproteins | A glycoprotein in which the oligosaccharide is joined (most commonly) to protein via an N-acetylgalactosamine-serine (or threonine) linkage |  | Peptidoglycans | Components of the bacterial cell wall that consist of polymeric chains of amino sugars cross-linked by oligopeptide chains, to form a huge three dimensional network. | Figure 9.25 | Polysaccharides | Long polymers of monomeric carbohydrate units used for energy storage and structural integrity of cells. |  | Proteoglycans | Glycoproteins rich in carbohydrate (50% or more) containing sulfated polysaccharides or sialic acid. |  | R2C2 | A description of the subunit composition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The R is a regulatory subunit that inhibits the catalytic subunit (C) when it is bound to it. cAMP causes the R subunits to become unbound from the C subunits, activating the enzyme. | Figure 16.11 | Reciprocal Regulation | A type of regulation of catabolic and anabolic pathways where the mechanism(s) that inactivate one pathway, activate the other. This prevents both pathways from being active simultaneously. |  | Sugars | Also known as saccharides. Molecules having the general structure (CH2O)n. Glucose and galactose are common ones. |  | The earliest formed amino sugar uses what compounds as precursors? | Fructose-6-phosphate and glutamine |  | Transpeptidation | Reaction involving cleavage of one peptide bond, which provides the energy needed to drive the formation of another peptide bond. Occurs in cross-linking of peptidoglycan strands of the bacterial cell wall. | Figure 16.21 | Triacylglycerols | Also known as fats or oils, these molecules are composed of glycerol esterified to three acyl groups. |  | Undecaprenol phosphate | Lipid carrier containing 11 isoprenoid units with a phosphate at the end. The phosphate accepts the N-acetylmuramylpentapeptide moiety in bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis. To this complex, five glycyl residues are added from glycyl tRNA. The complex may also be the form that is transferred through the lipid bilayer. | Figure 16.20 | Vancomycin | Antibiotic that kills bacteria by interferring with peptidoglycan synthesis by inhibiting transfer of the peptidoglycan from undecaprenol pyrophosphate to its acceptor. | Figure 16.20 | Vitamin B12 | A necessary coenzyme for propionate to be converted to succinyl-CoA, on its gluconeogenic pathway. |

Glycerol | Compound containing three carbons that is a breakdown product of fats and can by converted by gluconeogensis into glucose. |  | N-acetyl--lactosamine | Compound formed by action of the enzyme, galactosyltransferase |  | Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate | Important allosteric regulator of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Activates phosphofructokinase and inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. | Figure 16.6, Figure 16.7 | UDP-glucose | Substrate acted upon by glycogen synthase to add glucose units to a growing glycogen chain | Figure 16.9 | N-acetylgalactosamine | Sugar derivative that most commonly serves as link between oligosaccharide and protein in O-linked glycoproteins. |  | Lactate | The most significant gluconeogeneic precursor. A three carbon compound produced from pyruvate in muscles under anaerobic conditions. It is part of the Cori Cycle. | Figure 16.5 | Propionate | Three carbon compound arising from oxidation of a fatty acid containing an odd number of carbons. |  | Pyruvate | Three carbon compound that is an end product of oxidative glycolysis. Also a precursor of glucose in gluconeogenesis. |

Category - General

Query - Describe the function(s) of this enzyme in the cell, as related to activities described in Chapter 16.

Reversal

Category - Enzymes

Query - What enzyme from Chapter 16 best fits the description below?

(Enzyme on left, description on right)

Malate Dehydrogenase | Enzyme involved in reducing oxaloacetate to malate (using NADH), in the mitochondria for shuttle to the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the enzyme catalyzes the reverse reaction on malate to generate oxaloacetate for use in gluconeogenesis and other pathways |  | Phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK2) | Catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (using phosphate from ATP) | Figure 16.7 | Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase | Catalyzes the conversion of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate. | Figure 16.7 | Glycogenin | An enzyme that catalyzes the linkage of the first two glucose units in glycogen synthesis. |  | Amylo-(1,4->1,6)-transglycosylase (branching enzyme) | An enzyme that catalyzes formation of 1,6 branches in glycogen | Figure 16.10 | Synthase-Phosphorylase Kinase (Phosphorylase b Kinase) | Enzyme which catalyzes phosphorylastion of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase. | Figure 16.11 | Glycogen Synthase I | A dephosphorylated form of glycogen synthase that is more active and is independent of glucose-6-phosphate concentration. | Figure 16.11 | Glycogen Synthase D | A phosphorylated form of glycogen synthase whose activity is dependent on the presence of glucose-6-phosphate. | Figure 16.11 | Phosphoprotein Phosphatase (PP-1) | An enzyme that catalyzes removal of phosphates from glycogen synthase D and glycogen phosphorylase a. | Figure 16.11 | Phosphoprotein phosphatase Inhibitor (PI-1) | A protein activated by phosphorylation. In the active form, it binds to and inhibits phosphoprotein phosphatase. | Figure 16.12 | cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase | A part of the cAMP-activated regulatory cascade. This enzyme dissociates from R2C2 subunits to free C subunits on binding cAMP. The free subunits can catalyze phosphorylation of numerous proteins, including synthase-phosphorylase kinase (SPK), glycogen sy | Figure 16.11, Figure 16.12 | Oligosaccharyltransferase | An enzyme which catalyzes transfer of an assembled oligosaccharide to an asparagine residue of a protein to make an N-linked glycoprotein. |  | Lactamase | An enzyme found in bacteria resistant to penicillin. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the lactam ring of penicillin and destroys its ability to interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis. |

Category - Structures

Query - What is the structure of the molecule below?

Reversal

Category - Molecules

Query - What is the name of the molecule with the structure below?

(molecule on left, structures in middle, figures on right)

Oxaloacetate | Structure |  | Malate | Structure |  | Glucose-1-phosphate | Structure |  | Galactose | Structure |  | Glycerol | Structure |  | Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate | Structure |  | UDP-glucose | Structure |  | N-acetylgalactosamine | Structure |  | Lactate | Structure |  | Propionate | Structure |  | Pyruvate | Structure |  | Fucose | Structure |  | Sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid) | Structure |  | UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine | Structure |  | N-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate | Structure |  | N-acetylneuraminic acid 9-phosphate | Structure |  | N-acetyl--lactosamine | Structure |

Category - General

Query - Is contained in the left column below, solution in middle, figure on right

Reversal - there is no reversal

What are four mechanisms by which glucagon elevates blood glucose levels? | 1. Glucagon stimulates cAMP production, which activates the cascade leading to breakdown of glycogen. 2. cAMP production from glucagon favors production of fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, which breaks down fructose-2,6-bisphosphate and favors gluconeogenesis.

3. Glucagon favors transcription of the gluconeogenesis enzyme, PEPCK.

4. Glucagon inhibits transcription of the glycolysis enzyme, pyruvate kinase.

Which enzymes of glycogen metabolism are phosphorylated as a result of epinephrine or glucagon binding to the cell surface? | 1. Synthase-Phosphorylase Kinase (Phosphorylase b Kinase) 2. Glycogen Synthase I 3. Glycogen Phosphorylase b | Figure 16.11

What is the first step in synthesis of UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine? | Phosphoenolpyruvate is added to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to give a 3-enolpyruvyl ether |  | How many high energy phosphate bonds are expended in bypassing the pyruvate kinase step of glycolysis? | Two - one ATP is used by pyruvate carboxylase and one GTP is used by PEPCK. |  | What is the sequence of the pentapeptide linked to UDP-Nacetylmuramic acid in bacterial peptidoglycans? | L-alanyl-D-gamma-isoglutaminyl-L-Lysyl-D-alanine-D-alanine |  | What tissues of the body use glucose as their primary or sole energy source? | Brain, skeletal muscle, kidney medulla, erythrocytes, and testes. | Figure 16.2 | What are the primary sites of gluconeogenesis in the body? | Liver and kidney cortex. | Figure 16.2 | What are the primary substrates for gluconeogenesis? | Lactate/Pyruvate, Amino Acids, Propionate, Glycerol | Figure 16.4 | Where in the cell does gluconeogenesis occur? | Primarily in the cytosol. |  | How many of the 10 steps in glycolysis are bypassed by different enzymes in gluconeogenesis? | Three |  | Which enzymes in glycolysis are not used in gluconeogenesis? | Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase, Pyruvate Kinase |  | What compound does pyruvate carboxylase absolutely require as an allosteric activator? | Acetyl-CoA |  | Which is the only enzyme of gluconeogenesis not found in the cytoplasm? Where is it located? | Pyruvate carboxylase is located in the mitochondrion. |  | What problem must be overcome due to the location of pyruvate carboxylase in the mitochondrion? | The product of the reaction, oxaloacetate cannot pass through the mitochondrial membrane and must be shuttled to the cytoplasm after being reduced to malate by malate dehydrogenase and NADH. |  | What is the only enzyme of glycolysis or gluconeogenesis that uses GTP? | PEPCK |  | Does net fixation of CO2 occur in gluconeogenesis? | No. The CO2 incorporated by pyruvate carboxylase in making oxaloacetate is removed by PEPCK in making PEP. |  | Which enzyme of gluconeogenesis is primarily regulated by hormone control of its synthesis? | PEPCK |  | Which enzyme in gluconeogenesis is missing in most non-liver cells? | Glucose-6-phosphatase |  | If glycolysis is an exergonic process, how can gluconeogenesis also be exergonic, since it results in production of glucose, the starting point of glycolysis? | The four reactions that gluconeogenesis uses in place of the three reactions of glycolysis involve input from high energy phosphates which overcome the energy barrier that would exist for a simple reversal of the glycolysis. |  | In what organisms is the use of propionate as a gluconeogenic precursor particularly important? | Ruminant animals, such as cattle. |  | What two carbon compound inhibits gluconeogenesis and can bring about hypoglycemia? | Ethanol |  | What two hormones play important roles on a daily basis in regulating gluconeogenesis? | Glucagon and insulin |  | What are the three enzymes of glycolysis that are the primary points of regulation of that pathway? | Hexokinase (glucokinase in liver), phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. |  | What are the four enzymes of gluconeogenesis that are the primary points of regulation of that pathway? | PEPCK, pyruvate carboxylase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase. |  | What compound reciprocally regulates hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase? | Glucose-6-phosphate |  | Phosphorylation of phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK2) yields what enzyme? | Fructose-2,6 bisphosphatase | Figure 16.7 | Phosphorylation of phosphofructokinase-2 occurs as a response to what signal? | cAMP-dependent phosphorylation. This arises from stimulation by the hormones glucagon or epinephrine. | Figure 16.7 | Which pathway does fructose 2,6-bisphosphate favor - glycolysis or gluconeogenesis? | Glycolysis | Figure 16.6 | If fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase is active, which pathway is favored, glycolysis or gluconeogenesis? | Gluconeogenesis | Figure 16.7 | If phosphofructokinase-2 is active, which pathway is favored, glycolysis or gluconeogenesis? | Glycolysis | Figure 16.7 | If glucagon stimulates a cell, is glycolysis or gluconeogenesis favored? | Gluconeogenesis |  | If glucagon stimulates a cell, is PFK-2 or fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase favored? | Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase |  | Which hormone stimulates synthesis of PEPCK? | Glucagon |  | Which hormone inhibits synthesis of PEPCK? | Insulin |  | Which enzyme of glycolysis does glucagon inhibit the synthesis of? | Pyruvate kinase |  | What are the structural requirements for branching enzyme to be active? | The enzyme transfers a terminal glycogen fragment of 6-7 residues from a branch at least 11 glucose units away from an 1,6 branch. | Figure 16.10 | What effect does epinephrine binding to a cell's surface have on phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor (PI-1)? | It becomes phosphorylated and activated, thus able to inactivate phosphoprotein phosphatase. |  | What effect does glucagon binding to a cell's surface have on phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor (PI-1)? | It becomes phosphorylated and activated, thus able to inactivate phosphoprotein phosphatase. |  | What effect does insulin binding to a cell's surface have on phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor (PI-1)? | It becomes dephosphorylated and activated, thus allowing phosphoprotein phosphatase to become active. |  | What is the activated form of sialic acid for oligosaccharide biosynthesis? | CMP-sialic acid |  | What is the eukaryotic cellular location of synthesis of all nucleotide linked sugars, except CMP-sialic acid? | Cytosol |  | Where in the eukaryotic cell is CMP-sialic acid made? | Nucleus |  | What are the best known examples of O-linked glycoproteins? | The A, B, and O blood group substances. |  | What sugars are in the blood group oligosaccharides of the A, B, and O blood groups? | Fucose, Galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and sialic acid. |  | What moiety is the last one added to form an A-type blood group antigen? | N-acetylgalactosamine | Figure 16.15 | What moiety is the last one added to form a B-type blood group antigen? | Galactose | Figure 16.15 | How many sugar units are contained in the blood group oligosaccharides for A, B, or O types? | A=5, B=5, O=4 | Figure 16.15 | What is a common oligosaccharide structure found in all N-linked glycoproteins? | A core pentasaccharide structure containing mannose and N-acetylglucosamine. | Figure 16.16 | To what amino acid are all oligosaccharides in N-linked glycoproteins joined? | Asparagine | Figure 16.16 | What process does the antibiotic tunicamycin block? | Transfer of the first sugar to dolichol phosphate for synthesis of oligosaccharides for N-linked glycoproteins. |  | What eukaryotic cell location is the site where synthesis of oligosaccharides for N-linked glycoproteins is initiated? | Endoplasmic reticulum |  | N-linked glyocproteins have their oligosaccharide residues modified after the oligosaccharide is joined to the protein. In what organelles does this occur? | Lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. |  | What are the alternating monomeric units in the polysaccharide of the bacterial cell wall? | N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid |  | How does penicillin kill bacterial cells? | By blocking synthesis of the cell wall through inhibition of the transpeptidation reaction in peptidoglycan synthesis. The specific mechanism involves an irreversible reaction with the transpeptidase that catalyzes the cross linking. | Figure 16.21 | What is the mechanism of the transpeptidation reaction in synthesis of the bacterial cell wall? | Nucleophilic attack by the free terminal amino group of the pentaglycine chain on the amide carbon linking the terminal D-alanines in an adjacent chain. | Figure 16.21 | What part of the Gram-negative bacterium, Salmonella typhimurium, is involved in provoking a strong immune reaction? | The O antigen | Figure 16.22 | What sugars are found in the O antigen of Salmonella typhimurium? | Galactose, Mannose, Rhamnose, and Abequose | Figure 16.22 | Where does synthesis of O-linked and N-linked saccharides for glycoproteins begin? | O-linked - on the protein / N-linked - on a lipid intermediate |  | What are categories of the three basic oligosaccharide structures in N-linked glycoproteins? | 1. Complex / 2. Hybrid / 3. High mannose | Figure 16.16 | What are the three stages in synthesis of the S. aureus peptidoglycan? | 1. Synthesis of N-acetylmuramylpeptide / 2. Formation of the polysaccharide chain by polymerization of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyl-muramylpentapeptide / 3. Cross-linking of individual peptidoglycan strands. |

The earliest formed amino sugar uses what compounds as precursors? | Fructose-6-phosphate and glutamine |  |

Category - Enzymes

Query - Which glycolysis enzyme does the gluconeogenesis enzyme(s) below bypass?

Reversal

Category - Enzymes

Query - Which enzyme(s) does gluconeogenesis employ to bypass the following glycolysis enzyme?

Glucose-6-phosphatase | Hexokinase |  | Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase | Phosphofructokinase |  | Pyruvate carboxylase and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK) | Pyruvate Kinase |

Category - General

Query - List the allosteric regulator(s) of the enzyme below:

Reversal - there is no reversal

Pyruvate Carboxylase | Acetyl-CoA (activates by allosteric regulation) | Figure 16.6 | Phosphofructokinase | Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (activates) AMP (activates) ATP (inactivates) Citrate (inactivates) (All are allosteric mechanisms) | Figure 16.6 | Pyruvate Kinase | Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (activates) Acetyl-CoA (inactivates) ATP (inactivates) Alanine (inactivates) (Above Mechanisms are allosteric.)

cAMP-dependent phosphorylation (Covalent modification)

Figure 16.6
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (inactivates)

AMP (inactivates)

(Above mechanisms are allosteric regulation. Mechanism below is hormonal control)

Hormonal Control of Synthesis (increase or decrease, depending on hormonal signal.)

Figure 16.6

Category - General

Query - Describe the effects of the following compounds on the regulatory enzymes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

Reversal - there is no reversal

|  | Figure 16.6 | Glucose-6-phosphate | Inhibits hexokinase Activates glucose-6-phosphatase (substrate-level ) | Figure 16.6 | Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate | Activates phosphofructokinase Inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase | Figure 16.6 | AMP | Activates phosphofructokinase Inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase | Figure 16.6 | ATP | Inhibits phosphofructokinase Inhibits pyruvate kinase | Figure 16.6 | Alanine | Inhibits pyruvate kinase | Figure 16.6 | Citrate | Inhibits phosphofructokinase | Figure 16.6 | Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate | Activates pyruvate kinase | Figure 16.6 | Acetyl-CoA | Inhibits pyruvate kinase Activates pyruvate carboxylase | Figure 16.6

Category - General

Query - What is the effect of the following hormones on glycogenolysis and glycogen synthesis?

Reversal - there is no reversal

(hormone on left, effect in center, figure on right)

Epinephrine | Stimulates glycogenolysis Inhibits glycogen synthesis |  | Glucagon | Stimulates glycogenolysis Inhibits glycogen synthesis |  | Insulin | Inhibits glycogenolysis Stimulates glycogen synthesis |

Category - Enzymes

Query - What enzyme is deficient in each of the following diseases?

Reversal - there is no reversal

(disease on left, enzyme in center, figure on right)

|  | Table 16.2 | von Gierke's Disease (Type Ia and Ib) | Glucose-6-phosphatase or glucose-6-phosphatase translocase | Table 16.2 | Pompe's Disease (Type II) | (1->4) Glucosidase | Table 16.2 | Cori's Disease (Type III) | Debranching Enzyme | Table 16.2 | Andersen's Disease (Type IV) | Branching Enzyme | Table 16.2 | McArdle-Schmidt-Pearson Disease (Type V) | Muscle Glycogen Phosphorylase | Table 16.2 | Hers' Disease (Type VI) | Liver Glycogen Phosphorylase | Table 16.2 | Type VII Glycogen Disease | Muscle Phosphofructokinase | Table 16.2 | Type VIII Glycogen Disease | Liver Phosphorylase Kinase | Table 16.2

Category - Molecules

Query - What is the following activated sugar monomer used for synthesis of?

Reversal - there is no reversal

(activated sugar monomer on left, synthesis in center, figure on right)

|  |  | UDP-glucose | Glycogen, Cellulose, Sucrose (in plants) |  | ADP-glucose | Cellulose, starch, glycogen (in bacteria). |  | CDP-glucose | Cellulose |  | UDP-N-acetylglucosamine | Chitin |  | UDP-glucuronate and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine | Hyaluronic Acid |

Category - Enzymes

Query - What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

Reversal

Category - Reactions

Query - What catalytic activity does the enzyme below have?

(Enzymes on left, reaction in middle, figure on right)

Pyruvate carboxylase | Pyruvate + CO2 + H2O + ATP <=> Oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi + 2H+ |  | Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK) | Oxaloacetate + GTP <=> Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) + CO2 + GDP |  | Fructose-1,6,bisphosphatase | Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + H2O <=> Fructose-6-phosphate + Pi |  | Glucose-6-phosphatase | Glucose-6-phosphate + H2O <=> Glucose + Pi |  | Alcohol Dehydrogenase | Ethanol + NAD+ <=> Acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ |  | Glycogen Synthase | Glycogen + UDP-Glucose <=> UDP + Glycogen with one additional glucose unit (1,4 linkage). | Figure 16.9 | Phosphoglucomutase | Glucose-6-phosphate <=> Glucose-1-phosphate | Figure 16.8 | UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase | Glucose-1-phosphate + UTP <=> UDP-glucose + Ppi | Figure 16.8 | Glycogen Phosphorylase | Glyocogen + Pi <=> Glycogen (less one glucose unit) + Glucose-1-phosphate The enzyme exists in two forms, an "active" form called 'a' and an inactive form called 'b'. The two forms differ in their phosphorylation | Figure 16.11 | Dextran Sucrase | nSucrose -> Glucosen(dextran) + nfructose |  | Glutamine:Fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase | Fructose-6-phosphate + Glutamine <=> Glucosamine-6-phosphate + Glutamate |  | Galactosyltransferase | UDP-galactose + N-acetylglucoasmine <=> UDP + N-acetyllactosamine |  | Lactose synthase | UDP-Galactose + Glucose <=> UDP + Lactose |