Outline

Introduction (Figure 9.1, Figure 9.2)

Monosaccharides

> Monosaccharide Nomenclature

> Aldoses and Ketoses (Figure 9.3, Figure 9.4)

> Enantiomers (Figure 9.5, Structures)

> > Alternative Designations for Enantiomers: D-L and R-S (Figure 9.6)
> > Monosaccharide Enantiomers in Nature (Table 9.1)

> Diastereomers

> > Tetrose Diastereomers (Figure 9.7, Figure 9.8)
> > Pentose Diastereomers (Figure 9.9a, Figure 9.9b)
> > Hexose Diastereomers (Figure 9.9a, Figure 9.9b)

> Ring Structures

> > Pentose Rings (Figure 9.10, Figure 9.11, Table 9.2, Structure)
> > Hexose Rings (Structure, Figure 9.12, Figure 9.13)
> > Sugars with More Than Six Carbons (Table 9.1, Figure 9.14)

Derivatives of the Monosaccharides

> Phosphate Esters (Table 9.3, Structure)

> Acids and Lactones (Structure 1, Structure 2, Structure 3)

> Alditols (Structure)

> Amino Sugars (Structure 1, Structure 2, Structure 3, Table 9.4)

> Glycosides (Structure, Figure 9.15)

Oligosaccharides

> Oligosaccharide Structures (Table 9.5, Figure 9.16)

> > Distinguishing features of Different Disaccharides

> > > 1. The 2 Specific Sugar Monomers Involved and their Stereoconfigurations.

> > > 2. The Carbons Involved in the Linkage.

> > > 3. The Order of the Two Monomer Units, if Different

> > > 4. The Anomeric Configuration of the OH Group on Carbon 1 of Each Residue

> > Writing the Structure of Disaccharides (Structure, Table 9.5)

> > > 1. Sequence written starting with the nonreducing end at the left.

> > > 2. Anomeric and enantiomeric forms are designated by prefixes.

> > > 3. The Ring Configuration is Indicated by a Suffix

> > > 4. The Atoms Between Which Glycosidic bonds are Formed are indicated by Numbers in Parentheses Between Residue Designations.

> Stability and Formation of the Glycosidic Bonds (Figure 9.17)

Polysaccharides

> Storage Polysaccharides (Figure 9.19, Figure 9.20)

> Structural Polysaccharides

> > Cellulose (Figure 9.21, Structure, Figure 9.22)

> > Chitin (Structure)

> Glycosaminoglycans (Figure 9.23)

> > The Proteoglycan Complex (Figure 9.24b, Structure)

> > Nonstructural Roles of Glycosaminoglycans (Structure)

> Bacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides (Figure 9.25, Figure 9.26, Structure)

Glycoproteins (Table 9.6)

> N-Linked and O-Linked Glycoproteins (Figure 9.28)

> > N-Linked Glycans (Structure)

> > O-Linked Glycans

> Blood Group Substances (Figure 9.29, Table 9.7)

Oligosaccharides as Cell Markers (Figure 9.30)