Outline

Introduction (Figure 7.1)

Oxygen Transport and Storage: The Roles of Hemoblobin and Myoglobin (Figure 7.3)

The Mechanism of Oxygen Binding by Heme Proteins

> The Oxygen Binding Site (Figure 7.4, Figure 7.5, Figure 6.1)

> Analysis of Oxygen Binding by Myoglobin (Equations 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, Figure 7.6, Figure 7.7)

Oxygen Transport: Hemoglobin

> Cooperative Binding and Allostery (Figure 7.8, Figure 7.9, Equations 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11)

> Models of Allosteric Change in Hemoglobin (Figure 7.10, Figure 7.12)

> Changes in Hemoglobin Structure Accompanying Oxygen Binding (Figure 7.12)

> A Closer Look at the Allosteric Change in Hemoglobins (Figure 7.13, Figure 7.14, Figure 7.15)

Effects of Other Ligands on the Allosteric Behavior of Hemoglobin (Reaction)

> Response to pH Changes: The Bohr Effect (Reaction, Figure 7.16)

> Carbon Dioxide Transport (Reaction, Figure 7.1)

> Bisphosphoglycerate (Figure 7.17, Figure 7.18, Figure 7.19)

Protein Evolution: Myoglobin and Hemoglobin as Examples

> The Structure of Eukaryotic Genes: Exons and Introns (Figure 7.20)

> Mechanisms of Protein Mutation (Table 7.1)

> > Replacement of DNA Bases (Figure 7.21)

> > Deletions or Insertions of Bases in the Gene

> > Gene Duplications and Rearrangements

Evolution of the Myoglobin/Hemoglobin Proteins (Figure 5.14, Figure 7.22, Figure 7.23, Figure 7.10, Figure 7.24, Figure 7.13, Figure 7.24)

Hemoglobin Variants: Evolution in Progress

> Variants and Their Inheritance (Figure 7.25, Figure 7.26)

> Pathological Effects of Variant Hemoglobins (Table 7.2, Figure 7.21)

> Thalassemias: Effects of Misfunctioning Hemoglobin Genes

> > -Thalassemia
> > -Thalassemias

Immunoglobulins: Variability in Structure Yields Versatility in Binding

> The Immune Response (Figure 7.29, Figure 7.30, Figure 7.31)

> The Structure of Antibodies (Table 7.3, Figure 7.29, Figure 7.32, Figure 7.33, Figure 7.36)

> Generation of Antibody Diversity

> T Cells and the Cellular Response (Figure 7.35)

AIDS and the Immune Response (Figure 7.37b)