Outline

Introduction

A First Look at Metabolism (Figure 12.1)

Freeways on the Metabolic Road Map (Figure 12.2)

> Central Pathways of Energy Metabolism (Figure 12.3, Figure 12.4, Figure 12.5, Figure 12.6, Figure 12.7, Figure 12.8)

> Distinct Pathways for Biosynthesis and Degradation (Reactions, p. 422)

Some Bioenergetic Considerations

> Oxidation as a Metabolic Energy Source

> > Biological Oxidations: Energy Release in Small Increments (Reaction)

> > Energy Yields, respiratory Quotients, and Reducing Equivalents (Reaction, Reaction 2, Reaction 3, Figure 12.9)

> ATP as Free Energy Currency (Reaction, Reaction 2, Figure 3.7)

> > Thermodynamic Properties of ATP

> > The Importance of Differences Between G' and

> > Other High-Energy Nucleotides

> > Adenylate Energy Charge

Major Metabolic Control Mechanisms

> Control of Enzyme Levels

> Control of Enzyme Activity (Figure 12.10)

> Compartmentation (Figure 12.11)

> Hormonal Regulation (Figure 12.13)

> Distributive Control of Metabolism

Experimental Analysis of Metabolism

> Goals for the Study of Metabolism

> Levels of Organization at Which Metabolism is Studied

> > Whole Organism (Figure 12.14)

> > Isolated or Perfused Organ

> > Whole Cells

> > Cell-Free Systems

> > Purified Components

Metabolic Probes (Figure 12.15)