Outline

Introduction

The Eukaryotic Genome

> Size of the Genome (Figure 28.1)

> Repetitive Sequences (Figure 28.2)

> Satellite DNA (Figure 28.3)

> Duplications of Functional Genes

> Alu Elements

> Introns

> Gene Families

> > Multiple Variants of a Gene (Figure 7.25, Figure 7.20, Figure 7.22)

> > Pseudogenes (Figure 7.23)

The Physical Organization of Eukaryotic DNA: Chromosomes and Chromatin

> Chromosomes

> Chromatin (Table 28.1)

> The Nucleosome (Figure 28.11)

> Higher Order Chromatin Structure in the Nucleus (Figure 28.12, Figure 28.13)

The Cell Cycle and DNA Replication in Eukaryotes

> The Cell Cycle (Figure 28.14, Figure 28.15, Figure 28.16)

> Molecular Events During Chromatin Replication

> > Replication of DNA (Table 24.2, Table 24.3)

> > Assembly of Nucleosomes (Figure 28.17)

> > Origins of Replication (Table 24.1, Figure 28.18)

> > Telomeres (Table 28.2, Figure 28.19)

Transcription and its Control in Eukaryotic Cells

> RNA Polymerase I: Transcription of the Major Ribosomal RNA Genes (Figure 28.20)

> RNA Polymerase III: Transcription of Small RNA Genes (Figure 28.21, Figure 28.22, Figure 28.23)

> RNA Polymerase II: Transcription of Structural Genes (Figure 28.24, Table 28.4)

> Chromatin Structure and Transcription

> > The Problem of Initiation

> > Chromatin Remodeling (Figure 28.27, Figure 28.28)

> > Transcriptional Elongation

> Termination of Transcription (Figure 28.29)

Processing of Messenger RNA

> Capping (Figure 28.30)

> Splicing (Figure 28.31, Table 28.5, Figure 28.32, Figure 28.33)

> Alternative Splicing (Figure 28.34)

> Editing

Translation in Eukaryotes

> Comparison with Prokaryotic Mechanisms

> > Ribosomes

> > Initiation (Table 28.6, Figure 28.35, Figure 27.20)

> > Elongation and Termination

> Inhibitors of Translation (Figure 28.36)

> Control of Translation (Figure 28.37)

Protein Targeting in Eukaryotes

> Proteins Synthesized in the Cytoplasm (Figure 28.38)

> Proteins Synthesized on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Figure 28.39)

> Role of the Golgi Complex (Figure 28.40, Figure 28.41)

The Fate of Proteins: Programmed Destruction

> The Lysosomal System (Figure 28.42)

> Cytosolic Protein Degradation (Figure 28.43, Figure 28.44)

Apoptosis

Eukaryotic DNA and Development: An Overview (Figure 28.45)