Outline

Introduction

Amino Acids Related to Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates (Figure 21.1)

> Synthesis and Catabolism of Glutamate, Aspartate, Alanine, Glutamine, and Asparagine (Diagram 1, #2, #3 Figure 20.14)

> Intermediary Metabolism of Glutamate

> > Biosynthesis of Ornithine, Arginine, and Creatine Phosphate (Figure 21.2, Figure 21.3, Figure 21.10, Diagram)

> > Arginine as the Precursor to Nitric Oxide, a Novel Second Messenger (Figure 21.3)

> > Biosynthesis of Proline, Hydroxyproline, and Collagen (Diagram 1, #2, Figure 21.4)

> > -Aminobutyric Acid (Diagram)

> > Other Functions of Glutamate

Metabolism of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids

> Reduction of Inorganic Sulfur (Diagram)

> Synthesis of Cysteine and Methionine in Plants and Bacteria (Figure 21.5)

> > Cysteine Biosynthesis (Diagram 1, #2)

> > Methionine Biosynthesis (Figure 21.6)

> Methionine as the Source of Cysteine Sulfur in Animals (Figure 21.7, Figure 21.8, Figure 21.9)

> Metabolism of Glutathione (Diagram)

> S-Adenosylmethionine and Biological Methylations(Figure 21.3, Table 21.1, Diagram)

> Polyamines (Figure 21.10, Diagram)

> Catabolism of Cysteine and Methionine (Figure 21.11)

Aromatic Amino Acids

> Biosynthesis of Aromatic Rings: The Shikimic Acid Pathway (Figure 21.12, Figure 21.13, Figure 21.14, Diagram)

> Biosynthesis of Histidine (Figure 21.17)

> Aromatic Amino Acid Utilization in Plants (Diagram)

> Aromatic Amino Acid Utilization in Animals

> > Tyrosine Biosynthesis (Figure 21.18, Diagram)

> > Tyrosine Utilization and Catabolism (Figure 21.19, Figure 21.20, Figure 21.21, Diagram)

> > Tryptophan (Figure 21.16, Figure 21.22, Table 11.5, Diagram)

> > Histidine (Figure 21.23)

Serine, Glycine, and Threonine (Figure 21.24, Diagram, Figure 21.25, Diagram)

Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, and Lysine

> Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine (Figure 21.26, Diagram)

> Lysine

Porphyrin and Heme Metabolism

> Biosynthesis of Tetrapyrroles: The Succinate-Glycine Pathway (Figure 21.27, Figure 21.28, Figure 21.29, Diagram, Figure 21.30)

> Degradation of Heme in Animals (Figure 21.31)

Amino Acids and Their Metabolites as Neurotransmitters and Biological Regulators

> Biosynthesis of Serotonin and Catecholamines (Diagram, Figure 21.32)

> Biochemistry of Neurotransmission

> > The Cholinergic Synapse (Figure 21.33, Diagram)

> > The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (Figure 21.34)

> > Inhibition of the Cholinergic Synaptic Transmission (Table 11.4)

> > Catecholamines and Adrenergic Neurons (Diagram)

> > Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurotransmission (Figure 21.36, Table 21.2)

> > Neurotransmitter Receptors and Psychopharmacology