Below are the quiz questions for this module. A programmer should create a database of questions matched with answers. When a user enters this mode, they should be presented with an option to be asked a question. This should prompt a random question from the database and a button offering an answer, which appears when pressed. This then cycles over again until the user clicks an exit button. The symbol *** is used to specify the word in a sentence. It is essentially a blank filled in by the student. Questions and answers follow:

Category - Definitions

Query - What definition best describes the term below?

Reversal

Category - Term Recognition

Query - What term does the description below refer to?

(Terms are shown on left, descriptions in middle, figures on right)

Oxidation/Reduction Reactions | Oxidation/reduction reactions involve gain of electrons (reduction) by one compound and loss of the same electrons (oxidation) by another. It is important to realize that for every reduction of one molecule, there is a corresponding oxidation of another. For example, in the citric acid cycle reaction - succinate + FAD <=> fumarate + FADH2, succinate is oxidized to fumarate and FAD is reduced to FADH2. |  | Oxidative Phosphorylation | Oxidative phosphorylation is a process in the mitochondria in which potential energy from electrons released by oxidation occurring in metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, is captured in the form of the chemical energy of ATP. |  | Dehydrogenases | A class of enzymes catalyzing oxidation/reduction reactions in which the hydrogen is lost from the electron donor. Succinate dehydrogenase is one such enzyme from the citric acid cycle. |  | Oxidases | A class of enzymes catalyzing oxidation/reduction reactions in which molecular oxygen is the electron acceptor. |  | Oxygenases | A class of enzymes catalyzing oxidation/reduction reactions in which molecular oxygen combines directly with the substrate being oxidized. |  | Coenzymes | An organic small molecule that binds to an enzyme and is essential for its activity but is not permanently altered by the reaction. Most of these compounds are derived metabolically from vitamins. |  | Vitamin | An organic compound required in the diet in trace amounts. |  | Flavins | Compounds containing and isoalloxazine ring system that are capable of accepting two electrons. FAD and FMN are members of this class of molecules. | Figure 14.7 | Thioester | A high energy ester bond where sulfur is substituted for oxygen. Acetyl-CoA is a compound with such a bond. |  | NAD+/NADH Ratio | A critical measure of the oxygen metabolic state of a cell, this ratio has a significant effect on controlling the citric acid cycle by both substrate levels and allosteric mechanisms. Can be significantly affected by the rate of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. |  | Anaplerotic Processes | Pathways which provide molecular intermediates for the citric acid cycle. Literally, to "build up" intermediates. |  | Transamination | A chemical reaction in which two molecules - one, such as aspartic acid, containing an amine group, and another, such as -ketoglutarate, containing an -keto group, exchange these functional groups, producing oxaloacetate and glutamate (in this case). |  | Reducing Equivalents | An amount of a reducing compound that donates the equivalent of 1 mole of electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. The electrons may be expressed in the form of hydrogen atoms. |

Pentose Phosphate Pathway | Metabolic pathway involving metabolism of numerous sugars, mostly with five carbons. The pathway is a source of ribose for nucleotides and NADPH for biosynthesis. | Figure 14.22 | Glyoxylate Pathway | A central metabolic pathway present only in some organisms that bypasses the oxidative decarboxylations of the citric acid cycle | Figure 14.20 | Citric Acid Cycle | Central metabolic pathway through which most other metabolic pathways converge. Oxidizes tricarboxylic acids. An alternate pathway in some organisms is the glyoxylate pathway | Figure 14.3 Category - Structures Query - What is the structure of the molecule below? Reversal Category - Molecules

Query - What is the name of the molecule with the structure below?

(chemical on left, structure in center, figure on right)

NADH |  |  | NAD+ |  |  | Acetyl-CoA |  |  | ATP |  |  | Oxaloacetate |  |  | Citrate |  |  | cis-Aconitate |  |  | Isocitrate |  |  | -Ketoglutarate |  |  | Succinyl-CoA |  |  | Succinate |  |  | Fumarate |  |  | Malate |  |  | FAD |  |  | FADH2 |  |  | Coenzyme A |  |  | Pyruvate |  |  | Thiamine pyrophosphate |  |  | Lipoic Acid |  |  | Thiamine pyrophosphate |  |  | Riboflavin |  |  | Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) |  |  | Fluoroacetate |  |  | Fluorocitrate |  |  | Glutamate |  |  | NADPH |  |  | NADP |  |  | Glyoxylate |  |  | Malonate |  |  | Glucose-6-phosphate |  |  | Ribose-5-phosphate |  |  | 6-Phosphogluconolactone |  |  | 6-Phosphogluconate |  |  | Ribulose-5-phosphate |  |  | Xylylose-5-phosphate |  |  | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |  |  | Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate |  |  | Erythrose-4-phosphate |  |  | Fructose-6-phosphate |  |  | Dihydroxyacetone phosphate |  |  | Glutathione |  |

Category - Enzymes

Query - What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

Reversal

Category - Reactions

Query - What catalytic activity does the enzyme below have?

(Enzyme on right, reaction on left, figures on right)

6-phosphogluconate + NADP+ <=> Ribulose-5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH | 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase |  | Acetate + CoASH + ATP <=> Acetyl-CoA + AMP + PPi | Acetate thiokinase |  | Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate + H2O <=> Citrate + CoASH + H+ | Citrate Synthase |  | Citrate <=> cis-aconitate + H2O <=> Isocitrate | Aconitase |  | Isocitrate + NAD+ <=> -ketoglutarate + CO2 + NADH | Isocitrate dehydrogenase |  | -ketoglutarate + NAD+ + CoASH <=> Succinyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH | ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex |  | Succinyl-CoA + Pi + GDP <=> Succinate + GTP + CoASH | Succinyl-CoA synthetase |  | Succinate + FAD (enzyme bound) <=> Fumarate + FADH2 | Succinate dehydrogenase |  | Fumarate + H2O <=> L-Malate | Fumarate hydratase |  | L-Malate + NAD+ <=> Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ | Malate dehydrogenase |  | Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoASH <=> Acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2 | Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex |  | Glucose-6-phosphate + NADP+ <=> 6-phosphogluconolactone + NADPH | Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase |  | 6-phosphogluconolactone + H2 O <=> 6-phosphogluconate + H+ | Lactonase |  | 6-phosphogluconate + NADP+ <=> Ribulose-5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH | 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase |  | Ribulose-5-phosphate <=> Ribose-5-phosphate | Phosphopentose isomerase |  | Phosphopentose epimerase | Ribulose-5-phosphate <=> Xylulose-5-phosphate |  | Xylulose-5-phosphate + Ribose-5-phosphate <=> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate | Transketolase |  | Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate <=> Erythrose-4-phosphate + Fructose-6-phosphate | Transaldolase |  | Xylulose-5-phosphate + Erythrose-4-phosphate <=> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Fructose-6-phosphate | Transketolase |  | Glutamate + NAD(P)+ + H2O <=> -ketoglutarate + NAD(P)H + NH4+ | Glutamate dehydrogenase |  | Isocitrate <=> Succinate + Glyoxylate | Isocitrate Lyase |  | Glyoxylate + Acetyl-CoA <=> L-Malate + CoASH + H+ | Malate Synthase |  | Pyruvate + HCO3- + NADPH + H+ <=> L-Malate + NADP+ + H2O | Malic Enzyme |  | Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) + HCO3- <=> Oxaloacetate + Pi | PEP Carboxylase |  | Pyruvate dehydrogenase + ATP <=> Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphorylated + ADP | Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase |  | Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphorylated + H2O <=> Pyruvate dehydrogenase + Pi | Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase |