Category - Definitions

Query - What definition best describes the term below?

Reversal

Category - Term Recognition

Query - What term does the description below refer to?

(Terms are shown on left, descriptions in middle, figures on right)

de novo pathway | A term used to describe biochemical synthetic reactions where products are made completely from raw materials, as opposed to the situation where products are made by "rebuilding" a substrate resulting from breakdown of the product. | Figure 22.1 | HAT medium | A cell culture medium augmented by hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine, which selects for cells that have a functional purine salvage pathway. |  | Hyperuricemia | A condition in about 0.3% of the human population involving chronic elevation of blood uric acid levels, well beyond normal limits. |  | Mutator Phenotypes | Cell lines that show increased rates of spontaneous mutation at all genetic loci tested. |  | Nucleoside | A molecule that, upon complete hydrolysis, yields at least 1 mole per mole of a purine or pyrimidine base and a sugar. |  | Nucleoside diphosphate | A nucleoside with two phosphates attached to it. |  | Nucleoside monophosphate | A nucleoside with one phosphate attached to it. |  | Nucleoside triphosphate | A nucleoside with three phosphates attached to it. |  | Nucleotide | A molecule that, upon complete hydrolysis, yields at least 1 mole per mole of a purine or pyrimidine base, a sugar, and inorganic phosphate. |  | purR | An E.coli repressor protein controlling expression of genes in de novo purine biosynthesis. It binds either hypoxanthine or guanine. The resulting complex binds to DNA sites near several genes of purine (and pyrimidine) synthesis, inhibiting their transcription. |  | Salvage Pathways | A term used to describe biochemical synthetic reactions where products are made by "rebuilding" a substrate resulting from breakdown of the product (or a related product). |  | Synchronizing Cell Cultures | Laborotory procedure of manipulating cells to bring all of the them to the same phase of the cell cycle. It is accomplished by a thymidine block. |  | Thymidine Block | Mechanism for synchronizing cells in which thymidine is added to cells to inhibit DNA synthesis. This prevents passage of the cells from the G1 to S phase of the cell cycle. Subsequent transfer of cells to a medium lacking thymidine reverses the inhibition and allows them to initiate DNA synthesis synchronously. |

Category - Enzymes

Query - What enzyme from Chapter 23 best fits this description?

Reversal

Category - General

Query - What description best fits this enzyme?

(Enzyme on left, description in middle, figures on right)

dCMP hydroxymethylase | T-even bacteriophage encoded enzyme which catalyzes formation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine from cytosine. |  | dCTPase | Bacteriophage encoded enzyme which cleaves dCTP to dCMP. It is important in modifying cytosine nucleotides in T-even phages. |  | Deoxypyrimidine kinase | An enzyme of herpesviruses that acts with broad specificity as a nucleoside kinase. It will act on synthetic nucleotide derivatives, such as 5-iododeoxyuridine, acycloguanosine, and ganciclovir to phosphorylate them for incorporation into DNA |  | Deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate kinase | T-even bacteriophage encoded enzyme which catalyzes phosphorylation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine monophosphate to the diphosphate. |  | Endonucleases | Enzymes that catalyze cleavage of phosphodiester bonds between bases of nucleotide polymers | Figure 22.2 | Exonucleases | Enzymes which cleave nucleotide polymers by cleaving phosphodiester bonds at the ends of the polynucleotide fragment. Nonspecific enzymes of this type are also called phosphodiesterases. | Figure 22.2 | Glutamine Amidotransferases | Enzymes which catalyze ATP-dependent transfer of the amido nitrogen of glutamine to an acceptor molecule. |  | Glutathione Reductase | Catalyzes reduction of oxidized glutathione to reduced glutathione | Figure 22.16 | Guanine deaminase | Guanine + H2O <=> Xanthine + NH3 |  | Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase | An enzyme that catalyzes conversion of nucleoside diphosphates to nucleoside triphosphates, using a phosphate from ATP. |  | Nucleoside Kinase | An enzyme which catalyzes phosphorylation of a nucleoside using phosphate from ATP. | Figure 22.2 | Nucleoside Phosphorylases | Enzymes which will cleave a nucleoside to a base and a sugar-phosphate, such as ribose-1-phosphate | Figure 22.2 | Nucleotidases | Enzymes which hydrolytically cleave nucleoside monophosphates to phosphate plus a nucleoside. | Figure 22.2 | Phosphoribosyl transferases | Enzymes that catalyze transfer of a free base to phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) to form a nucleoside monophosphate. |  | Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase | An enzyme catalyzing a phosphorolysis reaction in which a purine base is separated from its sugar. | Figure 22.7 | Ribonucleotide Reductase | Catalyzes conversion of nucleoside diphosphates to deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates. |  | Thioredoxin reductase | Catalyzes reduction of oxidized thioredoxin to reduced thioredoxin. | Figure 22.16 | UMP Synthase | A name for an enzyme in mammalian cells that catalyzes the reactions of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylate decarboxylase in pyrimidine de novo biosynthesis. |  | Xanthine Oxidase | Catalyzes two reactions - 1. Hypoxanthine + O2 <=> Xanthine + H2O2 2. Xanthine + O2 <=> Uric Acid + H2O2 |

Category - General

Query - What is the best way to describe this molecule?

Reversal

Category - Molecules

Query - What molecule best fits the description below?

Molecule on left, description in middle, figures on right

Ganciclovir | A derivative of the purine nucleoside deoxyguanosine that is used (along with acyclovir) to treat herpes infections. |  | Acyclovir | A derivative of the purine nucleoside deoxyguanosine that is used (along with ganciclovir) to treat herpes infections. |  | 5-Iododeoxyuridine | A derivative of the thymidine nucleoside that is used to treat herpes infections. |  | Arabinosyladenine (araA) | A nucleoside used to treat herpesvirus. It is phosphorylated to arabinosyladenine triphosphate and acts as an inhibitor of the herpes DNA polymerase. |  | Azaserine | A potent inhibitor of purine nucleotide synthesis. It acts, like 6-diazo-5-oxonorleucine by inhibiting glutamine amidotransferases |  | 6-Diazo-5-oxonorleucine (DON) | A potent inhibitor of purine nucleotide synthesis. It acts, like azaserine by inhibiting glutamine amidotransferases |  | 6-Thioguanine | A purine analog metabolized to a toxic intermediate by HGPRT |  | Ribose-1-phosphate | A sugar product made by action of a nucleoside phosphorylase on a nucleoside | Figure 22.2 | 3'-Azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT) | A thymidine derivative which is an inhibitor of reverse transcriptase and is widely used to treat HIV infection. |  | Allopurinol | An analog of hypoxanthine used to inhibit xanthine oxidase and reduce formation of uric acid. |  | N-phosphonoacetyl-L-aspartate | An analog of the putative transition state complex in pyrimidine synthesis. The compound inhibits pyrimidine synthesis. |  | Arabinosylcytosine (araC) | An arabinose derivative of cytosine used in chemotherapy. |  | Trimethoprim | An inhibitor of prokaryotic (and simple eukaryotic) dihydrofolate reductases that is used to treat bacterial infections and certain forms of malaria. |  | Allantoin | Breakdown product arising from oxidative decarboxylation of uric acid. | Figure 22.8 | Uric Acid | Breakdown product of purine bases implicated in gout . Its immediate precursor is xanthine. It is also an excretion form of nitrogen for birds and other animals. |  | Dihydrouracil | Catabolic pyrimidine product made by reduction of uralic by NADPH | Figure 22.11 | 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) | Compound made by either salvage pathway synthesis of 5-Fluorouracil or thymidine kinase action on 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine. It is an irreversible inhibitor of thymidylate synthase |  | 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC) | Derivative of cytidine lacking a 3' hydroxyl. It is used to treat HIV infections. It works by being phosphorylated and then incorporated into DNA. Its lack of a hydroxyl at position #3 makes it a chain terminator in DNA synthesis. |  | 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine | Derivative of deoxyuridine that is a potent inhibitor of DNA synthesis. |  | 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI) | Derivative of the purine nucleotide, IMP. It lacks a 3' hydroxyl and is used to treat HIV infections.. It works by being phosphorylated and then incorporated into DNA. Its lack of a hydroxyl at position #3 makes it a chain terminator in DNA synthesis. |  | 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine (d4T) | Derivative of the thymidine nucleotide. It lacks a 3' hydroxyl and is used to treat HIV infections. It works by being phosphorylated and then incorporated into DNA. Its lack of a hydroxyl at position #3 makes it a chain terminator in DNA synthesis. |  | 5-Fluorouracil | Derivative of the uracil base that is a potent inhibitor of DNA synthesis |  | Bromodeoxyuridine | Derivative of uridine incorporated into DNA in place of thymidine that can pair with guanine on replication. |  | 2-aminopurine | Derivative purine incorporated into DNA in place of adenine, it pairs occasionally with cytosine on replication. |  | -alanine | Final breakdown product in pyrimidine catabolism. | Figure 22.11 | Methotrexate | Inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase used in chemotherapy. |  | Allopurinol | Inhibitor of purine salvage synthesis. It is used to treat parasitic protozoans, such as Plasmodium, which is responsible for malaria and Leishmania. These organisms lack the capacity for de novo purine biosynthesis. |  | Formycin B | Inhibitor of purine salvage synthesis. It is used to treat parasitic protozoans, such as Plasmodium, which is responsible for malaria and Leishmania. These organisms lack the capacity for de novo purine biosynthesis. |  | 4-phosphopantothenylcysteine | Intermediate in coenzyme A synthesis made by adding a cysteine to 4-phosphopantothenate |  | 4-phosphopantothenate | Intermediate in coenzyme A synthesis made by phosphorylation of pantothenic acid. |  | 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine | Modified form of cytosine which occurs in T-even bacteriophages |  | -Glucosyl-5-hydroxymethylcytosine | Modified form of cytosine which occurs in T-even bacteriophages. |  | Riboflavin-5'-phosphate | Precursor of FAD made by phosphorylation of riboflavin |  | -ureidopropionic acid | Pyrimidine catabolic product made by adding water to dihydrouracil | Figure 22.11 | Pantothenic Acid | Starting molecule for synthesis of coenzyme A |  | Nicotinic Acid | Starting molecule for synthesis of NAD+ and NADP+ |  | Riboflavin | Starting point for synthesis of FAD |

Category - Structures

Query - What is the structure of the molecule below?

Reversal

Category - Molecules

Query - What is the name of the molecule with the structure below?

Adenylosuccinate |  | Figure 22.6 | Adenine |  |  | ADP |  |  | AMP |  | Figure 22.6 | Aspartate |  | Figure 22.10 | ATP |  |  | Carbamoyl phosphate |  | Figure 22.10 | Cytosine |  |  | CTP |  | Figure 22.10 | CMP |  |  | CDP |  |  | Fumarate |  | Figure 22.4 | GMP |  | Figure 22.6 | GDP |  |  | GTP |  |  | Guanine |  |  | Inosinic Acid (IMP) |  | Figure 22.4 | PRPP |  |  | Ribose-1-phosphate |  | Figure 22.2 | Ribose-5-phosphate |  |  | UDP |  | Figure 22.10 | UMP |  | Figure 22.10 | UTP |  | Figure 22.10 | Uracil |  |  | Thymine |  |  | dATP |  |  | dGTP |  |  | dCTP |  |  | dTTP |  |  | dUTP |  |

Category - General

Query - Is contained in the left column below, solution in middle, figure on right

Reversal - there is no reversal

A free radical involving which amino acid in ribonucleotide reductase is important in catalysis by the enzyme? | Tyrosine |  | Deficiency of what purine salvage pathway enzyme is the cause of defect 3 gout? | Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) | Figure 22.9 | How are electrons from NADPH delivered to ribonucleotide reductase? | By either thioredoxin or glutaredoxin | Figure 22.16 | How do mammalian cells grow resistant to PALA? | By gene amplification |  | How does deficiency of adenosine deaminase bring about severe combined immune deficiency? | Lack of the enzyme increases levels of adenosine and deoxyadenosine. The latter is made into dATP and inhibits synthesis of other deoxynucleotides. |  | How does HAT medium allow selection of active HGPRT? | Aminopterin inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, blocking de novo purine and thymidylate synthesis. Cells survive only if they have HGPRT to utilize the hypoxanthine for purine synthesis and thymidine kinase to utilize the thymidine for thymidylate synthesis. |  | How many glutamine nitrogens are transferred in the first ten steps of the de novo pathway? | 2 | Figure 22.4 | How many single carbon transfers are made from 10-formyl-Thf in the first ten steps of the de novo synthesis of purines? | 2 | Figure 22.4 | In which subunit of ribonucleotide reductase is the catalytic site located? | Large Subunit |  | Lack of the purine catabolism enzyme, purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) leads to accumulation of which nucleotide? | dGTP |  | Loss of feedback inhibition of what enzyme is associated with defect 2 in gout? | PRPP amidotransferase | Figure 22.9 | Removal of the sugar-phosphate from IMP yields what compound? | Hypoxanthine | Figure 22.7 | What amino acid is involved in two amido transfers in the first ten steps of purine de novo biosynthesis? | Glutamine | Figure 22.4 | What are the allosteric effectors of aspartate transcarbamolyase? | ATP (activates) and CTP (inhibits) | Figure 22.10 | What are the allosteric effectors of CTP synthetase? | CTP (inhibits) and GTP (activates) | Figure 22.10 | What are the allosteric effectors of dCMP deaminase? | dCTP activates, dTTP inactivates | Figure 22.17 | What are the important regulatory enzymes in de novo synthesis of pyridimidine nucleotides? | Aspartate Transcarbamoylase and CTP synthetase | Figure 22.10 | What are the two allosteric regulatory sites in ribonucleotide reductase called? | Activity site and Specificity site | Table 22.2 | What compound inhibits ribonucleotide reductase by destroying the free radical? | Hydroxyurea |  | What condition is sometimes associated with elevated activity of PRPP synthetase? | Gout | Figure 22.9 | What enzyme of purine catabolism, when absent, causes Severe Combined Immune Deficiency? | Adenosine deaminase |  | What enzyme of purine salvage pathways, when completely absent, causes Lesch-Nyhan syndrome? | Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) |  | What enzymes are in the complex containing the two transformylase enzymes of de novo purine biosynthesis? | GAR transformylase, AICAR transformylase, serine transhydroxymethylase, and the trifunctional enzyme, formylmethenyl-methylene-tetrahydrofolate synthetase | Figure 22.5 | What is the allosteric effector of deoxycytidine kinase | dCTP (inctivates) | Figure 22.17 | What is the allosteric effector of thymidine kinase? | dTTP (inactivates) | Figure 22.17 | What is the catabolic pathway of pyrimidine nucleotides? | Cytidine -> Uridine -> Uracil (cytosine and deoxyuridine also can be converted to uracil) -> Dihydrouracil -> -Ureidopropionic Acid -> -alanine + NH3 + CO2 | Figure 22.11 | What is the end product of purine catabolism in most non-primate animals? | Allantoic acid | Figure 22.8 | What is the end product of purine catabolism in primates? | Uric acid |  | What is the ratio of RNA to DNA in most cells? | 10 to 1 |  | What is the source of electrons for reduction of nucleoside diphosphates to deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates by ribonucleotide reductase? | NADPH |  | What is unusual about the carboxylation catalyzed by AIR carboxylase? | It is a carboxylation that does not involve biotin. | Figure 22.4 | What moiety donates the single carbon units in de novo purine biosynthesis? | 10-Formyl-Thf | Figure 22.4 | What molecules act as feedback inhibitors of PRPP amidotransferase? | AMP, GMP, ADP, GDP | Figure 22.4 | What molecules inhibit PRPP synthetase? | AMP, ADP, and GDP |  | What nucleoside derivatives are used to combat herpes? | 5-iododeoxyuridine, acyclovir, ganciclovir |  | What nucleotide derivative is used to generate free radicals in DNA by exposing DNA containing it to UV light? | 5-bromodeoxyuridine |  | What nucleotide do some Bacillus subtilis phages substitute for thymine in their DNA? | Uracil |  | What other activities are associated with deoxycytidine kinase? | Deoxyadenosine kinase and deoxyguanosine kinase |  | What purine rich foods may be a cause of some gout attacks? | Liver, sweetbreads, anchovies, and wine. |  | What pyrimidine salvage pathway enzyme is very important in proliferating cells? | Thymidine kinase |  | What three enzymes of pyrimidine de novo synthesis are complexed together in eukaryotic cells? | Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase, Aspartate Transcarbamoylase, Dihydroorotase |  | When bacteria are treated with sulfonamide drugs, which nucleotide metabolic precursor accumulates? | 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) |  | When do the glucosylation reactions of nucleotides common to T-even bacteriophages occur? | After they are incorporated into DNA |  | Which enzymes in purine de novo biosynthesis up to inosinic acid are allosterically regulated? | PRPP Amidotransferase and PRPP synthetase |  | Why is accumulation of uric acid harmful? | Uric acid and its urate salts are quite insoluble. | Figure 22.8 | Why is dUTPase important? | dUTP can be incorporated into DNA as dUMP and can be mistaken for deaminated dCMP residues. |

Explain two systems for balancing the amounts of purines made in de novo synthesis after formation of IMP | 1. ATP is required for synthesis of GMP and GTP is required for synthesis of AMP. 2. GMP allosterically inhibits IMP dehydrogenase, the enzyme that leads to GMP synthesis and AMP inhibits adenylosuccinate synthetase, the enzyme leading to AMP synthesis. | How is riboflavin converted to Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide? | 1. Phosphorylation of riboflavin to yield riboflavin-5-phosphate (FMN). 2. Adenylation of FMN with splitting out of pyrophosphate to form FAD | How is nicotinic acid converted to NAD+ and to NADP+? | 1. Addition of PRPP to nicotinic acid to form nicotinate mononucleotide and pyrophosphate. 2. Adenylation of nicotinate mononucleotide by ATP (with splitting out of pyrophosphate) to form nicotinate adenine dinucleotide. 3. Transfer of an amide nitrogen from glutamine to nicotinate adenine dinucleotide (releasing glutamate) - reaction requires ATP hydrolysis.

4. Phosphorylation of NAD+ by ATP to form NADP+ and ADP.

How is pantothenate converted to coenzyme A?

1. Phosphorylation of pantothenic acid to yield 4-phosphopantothenate

2. Addition of cysteine to 4-phosphopantothenate to yield 4-phosphopantothenylcysteine (requires ATP hydrolysis)

3. Decarboxylation adenylation, and phosphorylation of 4-phosphopantothenylcysteine to form coenzyme A

What are the three classes of ribonucleotide reductases found in nature?

1. Class I Ribonucleotide Reductases - The most widely distributed form of ribonucleotide reductase. It acts upon ribonucleoside diphosphates. The enzyme generates a free radical on a tyrosine residue, with the aid of a diferric oxygen bridge.

2. Class II Ribonucleotide Reductases - Found in cyanobacteria, some bacteria, and Euglena. The enzyme acts on ribonucleoside triphosphate substrates. It uses adenosylcobalamin, a B12 coenzyme to generate a free radical.

3. Class III Ribonucleotide Reductases - Found only in facultative or obligate anaerobes. The enzyme acts on ribonucleoside triphosphate substrates. It uses S-adenosylmethionine and an iron-sulfur center to generate the catalytically essential radical on a glycine residue.

Category - Enzymes

Query - What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

Reversal

Category - Reactions

Query - What catalytic activity does the enzyme below have?

Adenosine deaminase | Adenosine + H2O <=> Inosine + NH3 | Figure 22.7 | Adenylate Kinase | AMP + ATP <=> 2ADP |  | Adenylosuccinate lyase | Adenylosuccinate <=> AMP + Fumarate | Figure 22.6 | Adenylosuccinate synthetase | Inosine monophosphate (IMP) + Aspartate + GTP <=> Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi | Figure 22.6 | AICAR Transformylase | 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) + 1-Formyl-Thf <=> N-Formylaminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (FAICAR) + Thf | Figure 22.4 | AIR Carboxylase | 5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) + CO2 <=> 4-Carboxy-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide | Figure 22.4 | Aspartate Transcarbamoylase | Aspartate + Carbamoyl Phosphate <=>Carbamoly Aspartate | Figure 22.10 | Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase | NH3 + CO2 + 2ATP <=> Carbamoyl phosphate | Figure 22.10 | CTP Synthetase | UTP + Glutamine + ATP <=< CTP + ADP + Pi + Glutamate | Figure 22.10 | dCMP Deaminase | dCMP + H2O <=> dUMP + NH3 | Figure 22.17 | Deoxycytidine kinase | Deoxycytidine + ATP <=> dCMT + ADP | Figure 22.17 | Dihydroorotase | Carbamoyl Aspartate <=> Dihydroorotate + H2O | Figure 22.10 | Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase | Dihydroorotate + NAD+ <=> Orotate + NADPH + H+ | Figure 22.10 | dUTPase | dUTP + H2O <=> dUMP + PPi | Figure 22.17 | FGAM Cyclase | Formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide (FGAM) + ATP <=> 5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) + ADP + Pi | Figure 22.4 | FGAR amidotransferase | Formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR) + Glutamine + ATP <=> Formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide (FGAM) + Glutamate + ADP + Pi | Figure 22.4 | GAR synthetase | 5-Phosphribosylamine (PRA) + Glycine + ATP <=> Glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) + ADP + Pi | Figure 22.4 | GAR transformylase | Glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) + 10-Formyl-Thf <=> Formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR) + Thf | Figure 22.4 | Guanylate Kinase | GMP + ATP <=> GDP + ADP |  | IMP Dehydrogenase | Inosine monophosphate (IMP) + NAD+ + H2O <=> Xanthosine monophosphate (XMP) + NADH + H+ | Figure 22.6 | IMP Synthase | N-Formylaminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (FAICAR) <=> Inosinic Acid (IMP) | Figure 22.4 | Nucleoside Diphosphokinase | UDP + ATP <=> UTP + ADP | Figure 22.10 | Orotate phosphoryibosyltransferase | Orotate + PRPP <=> Orotidine monophosphate (OMP) + PPi | Figure 22.10 | Orotidylate Decarboxylase | Uridine Monophosphate (OMP) <=< Uridine Monophosphate (UMP) + CO2 | Figure 22.10 | PRPP amidotransferase | PRPP + Glutamine <=> 5-Phosphribosylamine (PRA) + Glutamate + PPi | Figure 22.4 | PRPP Synthetase | ATP + Ribose-5-phosphate <=> 5-phospho--D-ribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) |  | SAICAR Lyase | N-Succinyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (SAICAR) <=> 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) + Fumarate | Figure 22.4 | SAICAR Synthetase | 4-Carboxy-5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide + Aspartate + ATP <=> N-Succinyl-5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (SAICAR) + ADP + Pi | Figure 22.4 | Thymidine kinase | Deoxyuridine (or Deoxythymidine) + ATP <=> dUMP (or dTMP) + ADP | Figure 22.17 | Thymidiylate Synthase | dUMP + 5,10-Methylene Thf <=> dTMP + Dhf | Figure 22.17 | UMP Kinase | UMP + ATP <=< UDP + ADP | Figure 22.10 | XMP aminase | Xanthosine monophosphate (XMP) + Glutamine + ATP <=> GMP + Glutamate + ADP + Pi | Figure 22.6

Category - Lists

Query - In de novo purine biosynthesis, which reaction precedes/follows the one below?

[[Program should pick a step and whether a student is to give the preceding or following step. Solution will be appropriate preceding or following step]].

PRPP + Glutamine <=> 5-Phosphribosylamine (PRA) + Glutamate + PPi | 5-Phosphribosylamine (PRA) + Glycine + ATP <=> Glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) + ADP + Pi | Glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) + 10-Formyl-Thf <=> Formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR) + Thf | Formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR) + Glutamine + ATP <=> Formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide (FGAM) + Glutamate + ADP + Pi | Formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide (FGAM) + ATP <=> 5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) + ADP + Pi | 5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) + CO2 <=> 4-Carboxy-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide | 4-Carboxy-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide + Aspartate + ATP <=> N-Succinyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (SAICAR) + ADP + Pi | N-Succinyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (SAICAR) <=> 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) + Fumarate | 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) + 1-Formyl-Thf <=> N-Formylaminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (FAICAR) + Thf | N-Formylaminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (FAICAR) <=> Inosinic Acid (IMP)

Category - Lists

Query - In de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, which reaction precedes/follows the one below?

[[Program should pick a step and whether a student is to give the preceding or following step. Solution will be appropriate preceding or following step]].

NH3 + CO2 + 2ATP <=> Carbamoyl phosphate | Aspartate + Carbamoyl Phosphate <=>Carbamoyl Aspartate | Carbamoyl Aspartate <=> Dihydroorotate + H2O | Dihydroorotate + NAD+ <=> Orotate + NADPH + H+ | Orotate + PRPP <=> Orotidine monophosphate (OMP) + PPi | Uridine Monophosphate (OMP) <=< Uridine Monophosphate (UMP) + CO2 | UMP + ATP <=< UDP + ADP | UDP + ATP <=> UTP + ADP | UTP + Glutamine + ATP <=< CTP + ADP + Pi + Glutamate