Category - Definitions

Query - What definition best describes the term below?

Reversal

Category - Term Recognition

Query - What term does the description below refer to?

(Terms are shown on left, definitions in middle, relevant figures from 2nd edition on right).

Acetyl-Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) | A two-carbon molecule produced as a product of oxidative metabolism of pyruvate. Is metabolized in the Citric Acid Cycle. | Figure 12.4, Figure 12.6 | Adenylate Cyclase | Enzyme catalyzing formation of cAMP from ATP. Activity is stimulated by G protein activation. | Figure 12.13 | ADP | A compound produced either by dephosphorylation of ATP or phosphorylation of AMP. Common product of ATP hydrolysis. |  | Aerobic Organisms | Organisms that require oxygen to survive. |  | Anabolism | The sum of all the metabolic processes by which complex biomolecules are built up from simpler ones. In general, these processes consume rather than produce cellular energy. | Figure 12.1 | Anaerobic Organisms | Organisms that do not require oxygen to survive. Some of these organisms will die if placed in an oxygen environment. |  | Arginine Phosphate | An important source of phosphate energy in invertebrate muscle cells. |  | ATP | Common molecule in which biological chemical energy is stored. |  | Autotrophs | Organisms that synthesize glucose and all of their other organic compounds from inorganic carbon, supplied as CO2. |  | -Oxidation | Oxidative process whereby fatty acids are broken down to acetyl-CoA. | Figure 12.5 | cAMP (cyclic AMP) | Second messenger produced in response to binding of hormones, such as glucagon or epinephrine to the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. | Figure 12.13 | Catabolism | The sum of all the metabolic processes by which complex molecules are broken down to simpler ones, including the processes by which molecules are broken down to yield cellular energy. | Figure 12.1 | Central Pathways | Pathways of metabolism that are substantially the same in many different organisms. They account for relatively large amounts of mass transfer and energy generation within a cell. They are the quantitatively major pathways. |  | Chloroplast | Plant organelle where photosynthesis occurs. | Figure 12.11 | Citric Acid Cycle | The principal stage 3 pathway in aerobic organisms. It is cyclic and converts acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide. |  | Clonal Cell Lines | Lines of cells that are all derived from a single cell and are thus genetically identical. |  | Creatine | Important compound in muscle. Used to make creatine phosphate, a source of energy for the process of muscular contraction. |  | Creatine Phosphate | An important source of phosphate energy in muscle cells. Made from creatine and ATP by the enzyme creatine phosphokinase. |  | Creatine Phosphokinase | An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction, Creatine + ATP <=> Creatine Phosphate + ADP |  | Cytomatrix | An organized structure of the cytosol. | Figure 12.12 | Cytosol | Cellular location where glycolysis, many reactions of gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, activation of amino acids, fatty acid synthesis, and nucleotide synthesis occur. | Figure 12.11 | Differential Centrifugation | Technique for separating structures, such as cellular organelles, on the basis of size. |  | Effector (signal transduction) | An enzyme which interacts with a transducer in signal transduction to bring about metabolic change. For example, in glucagon hormonal stimulation, the transducer, G protein, activates the effector (adenylate cyclase) to produce a second messenger, cAMP. | Figure 12.13 | Electron Transport | A process of the mitochondrial repiratory chain in which reduced electron carriers are oxidized to yield electrons. This system provides the energy necessary to drive oxidative phosphorylation. |  | Endergonic | In a nonisolated system, a process that is accompanied by a positive change in free energy and therefore is thermodynamically not favored. |  | Endoplasmic Reticulum | Eukaryotic cellular organelle where lipid synthesis and direction of biosynthetic products to their ultimate location occur. | Figure 12.11 | Energy Metabolism | That part of intermediary metabolism consisting of pathways that store or generate metabolic energy. |  | Energy Transduction | Conversion of chemical energy from one form to another, such as energy from hydrolysis of ATP used to synthesize other molecules. |  | Epinephrine | A hormone derived from an amino acid that binds to receptors in the plasma membrane and leads to production of the second messenger, cyclic AMP. |  | Exergonic | In a nonisolated system, a process that is accompanied by a negative change in free energy and therefore is thermodynamically favored. |  | Fermentation | Process in which cellular energy is generated from the breakdown of nutrient molecules where there is no net change in the oxidation state of the products as compared with that of the reactants. This process can occur in the absence of oxygen. |  | Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorter | Technique for separating cells based on the presence of a fluorescent-tagged antibody bound to a cell surface antigen. |  | Flux | With reference to a chemical pathway, the rate (in moles per unit time) at which reactant "flows through" the pathway to emerge as product. The term can be used for the rate at which particles undergo any process in which they either flow or can be thought of metaphorically as flowing. |  | Futile Cycle | A process that happens when both catabolic and anabolic metabolic pathways involving the same reaction intermediates are simultaneously occurring. |  | Glucagon | A polypeptide hormone that binds to receptors in the plasma membrane and leads to production of the second messenger, cyclic AMP. | Figure 12.13 | Gluconeogenesis | Biosynthetic process for making carbohydrates. | Figure 12.7 | Glycogenolysis | Mobilization (breakdown) of glycogen. |  | Glycolysis | The initial pathway in the catabolism of carbohydrates, by which a molecule of glucose is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate, with a net production of ATP molecules and the reduction of two NAD+ molecules to NADH. Under aerobic conditions, these NADH molecules are reoxidized by the electron transport chain; under anaerobic conditions, a different electron acceptor is used. |  | Golgi Complex | Eukaryotic cellular organelle where maturation of glycoproteins and other components of membranes and secretory vesicles occur. | Figure 12.11 | Heterotrophs | Organisms that can synthesize their organic metabolites only from other organic compounds, which they must therefore consume. |  | Hormone | A substance that is synthesized and secreted by specialized cells and carried via the circulation to target cells, where it elicits specific changes in the metabolic behavior of the cell by interacting with a hormone-specific receptor. A component of signal transduction. | Figure 12.13 | Induction | In cellular metabolism, the synthesis of a particular protein in response to a signal; for example, the synthesis of an enzyme in response to the appearance of its substrate. |  | Intermediary Metabolism | All reactions concerned with storing and generating metabolic energy and with using that energy in biosynthesis of low-molecular-weight compounds and energy storage compounds. Not included are nucleic acid and protein biosynthesis from monomeric precursors. |  | Ligand | In general, a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger one, for example, a hormone that binds to a receptor. The term can also be used to mean a chemical species that forms a coordination complex with a central atom, which is usually a metal atom. |  | Lysosome | Eukaryotic cellular organelle where hydrolytic enzymes are segregated from the rest of the cell. | Figure 12.11 | Metabolic Inhibitors | A type of metabolic probe that interferes with progression of a pathway. |  | Metabolism | The totality of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism. | Figure 12.1, Figure 12.2 | Microbodies | Eukaryotic cellular organelle where amino acid oxidation, catalase and peroxidase reaction, sterol degradations (plants), and glyoxylate cycle reactions occur. | Figure 12.11 | Microsomes | Membranous aggregates of ribosomes. |  | Mitochondria | Eukaryotic cellular organelle where citric acid cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid catabolism, and pyruvate oxidation occur. | Figure 12.11 | Mutation | Alteration in the sequence of DNA. |  | NAD+ | The oxidized form of NADH. It is a common acceptor of electrons produced in biological oxidations. Figure 12.9. | Figure 12.9 | NADH | The reduced form of NAD+, produced by transfer of electrons in biological oxidation. It can either donate electrons and reduce another biological molecule or can transfer electrons to the electron transport system. Figure 12.9 | Figure 12.9 | NADP+ | The oxidized form of NADPH. It can accept electrons produced in biological oxidations. Figure 12.9 | Figure 12.9 | NADPH | An electron carrier that is a major source of the electrons needed for reductive biosynthesis. Figure 12.9 | Figure 12.9 | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy | A noninvasive technique for monitoring processes in intact cells and organs. |  | Nucleolus | Eukaryotic cellular organelle that is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA). | Figure 12.11 | Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase | An enzyme that interconverts (deoxy)nucleoside diphosphates with (deoxy)nucleoside triphosphates, using energy from ATP. For example, ATP + CDP <=> ADP + CTP |  | Nucleus | Eukaryotic cellular organelle where replication of DNA, synthesis of tRNA, and mRNA occurs. Site where chromosomes are located. | Figure 12.11 | Oncogene | A gene that, in a mutated version, can help transform a normal cell to a cancer cell. |  | Oxidation | A process in which electrons are lost by a compound. The other compound accepting the electrons is correspondingly reduced. |  | Oxidative Phosphorylation | The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that occurs in conjunction with the transit of electrons down the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. |  | Pentose Phosphate Pathway | A metabolic pathway that is a major source of NADPH for biological reduction. |  | Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate | Precursor of a pair of second messengers in the phosphoinositide system of signal transduction. |  | Phosphodiesterase | An enzyme catalyzing hydrolysis of cAMP, which inhibits the second messenger of signal transduction from acting. | Figure 12.13 | Phosphoinositide System | A signal transduction system that employs phosphoinositides. |  | Photosynthesis | The process by which energy from light is captured and used to drive the synthesis of carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O. | Figure 12.8 | Photosynthetic Organisms | Organisms, such as plants and some bacteria, which harvest light energy from the sun. |  | Plasma Membrane | Surface of eukaryotic cells where energy dependent transport systems are located. | Figure 12.11 | Protein Kinase | An enzyme that phosphorylates a protein. |  | Pyruvate | A molecule produced as an end-product of glycolysis. | Figure 12.3 | Receptor (signal transduction) | A membrane-spanning protein that recognizes and binds a specific hormone. | Figure 12.13 | Reconstitution | A process whereby purified individual enzymes of a pathway are mixed back together to permit the entire pathway to proceed apart from the cellular environment. |  | Reducing Equivalent | An amount of a reducing compound that donates the equivalent of 1 mole of electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. The electrons may be expressed in the form of hydrogen atoms. |  | Reduction | A process whereby a molecule gains electrons. In order for this to happen, another molecule must lose electrons and be oxidized. |  | Regulatory Cascade | A regulatory system controlling covalent modification of enzymes, most commonly in which binding of a single hormone molecule to a cell surface, results in rapid activation of many enzyme molecules by covalent modification - usually phosphorylation. |  | Repression | A process whereby cells are inhibited from synthesizing a protein. |  | Respiration | With respect to energy metabolism, the process in which cellular energy is generated through the oxidation of nutrient molecules with O2 as the ultimate electron acceptor. |  | Respiratory Quotient (RQ) | The ratio between the number of carbon dioxide molecules produced per molecule of oxygen consumed for a substance. |  | Ribosome | Eukaryotic structure where protein synthesis occurs. | Figure 12.11 | Second Messenger | An intracellular substance (such as cAMP) that relays an extracellular signal (such as a hormonal signal) from the cell membrane to intracellular effector proteins. | Figure 12.13 | Signal Transduction | A cellular process by which information received by the cell induces a response in the form of metabolic change. | Figure 12.13 | Thermophilic Organisms | Organisms which live at elevated temperatures as high as 100 C or more. |  | Tissue Culture | Method of growing cells isolated from an organism in a medium containing cell nutrients and protein growth factors. |  | Transducer | A component of a signal transduction system that is stimulated by a signal received by a receptor to become activated. For example, G proteins are stimulated by epinephrine hormone binding to exchange GDP for GTP, thus becoming active in stimulating adenylate cyclase to make cAMP (an effector). | Figure 12.13

Category - General

Query - Is contained in the left column below, solution in middle, figure on right

Reversal - there is no reversal

What are the three stages of metabolic complexity defined in Chapter 12? | 1. Macromolecular Metabolism 2. Monomer metabolism 3. Metabolic Intermediates |  | Name three metabolic sources of acetyl-CoA | 1. Oxidation of pyruvate 2. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids. 3. Amino acid oxidation |  | Name two macromolecules synthesized from acetyl-CoA | 1. Fatty acids 2. Steroids. |  | What is the ultimate (terminal) electron acceptor for aerobic organisms? | Oxygen |  | What are the ultimate metabolic oxidation products of glucose? | Carbon dioxide and water. |  | In glycolysis, what percentage of the free energy of glucose oxidation is converted to ATP? | 40% |  | Which produces more caloric heat output - oxidation of fat or carbohydrate? | Fat |  | Which produces more reducing equivalents - oxidation of fat or carbohydrate? | Fat |  | What is the intracellular concentration range of ATP? | 2-5 mM |  | Name four broad mechanisms of metabolic control. | 1. Control of enzyme levels. 2. Control of enzyme activity. 3. Compartmentation. 4. Hormonal Regulation |  | List three kinds of covalent modification of enzymes. | 1. Phosphorylation 2. Adenylylation 3. ADP-ribosylation |  | Give two examples of regulatory cascades | 1. Glycogen metabolic control 2. Blood clotting |  | What metabolic process occur in the cytoplasm? | 1. Glycolysis 2. Many reactions of gluconeogenesis 3. Pentose phosphate pathway 4. Activation of amino acids 5. Fatty acid synthesis

6. Nucleotide synthesis

What are the advantages of eukaryotic cellular compartmentation?

1. Isolation of enzymes of different pathways.

2. Division of cellular labor.

3. Increased cellular efficiency.

4. Regulation via selective permeability.

5. Reduced diffusion.

What are two major metabolic responses to hormones?

1. Changes in gene expression (steroid hormones).

2. Synthesis of intracellular second messengers that control metabolic reactions (most polypeptide hormones and some derived from amino acids, such as epinephrine).

What are the three components of a signal transduction system?

1. A receptor

2. A transducer

3. An effector

List four levels of the study of metabolism.

1. Whole organism

2. Isolated or perfused organ

3. Whole cells.

4. Cell-free systems.

Category - General

Query - In what eukaryotic organelle/structure does the following metabolic process occur?

Reversal - there is no reversal

(process on left, organelle in middle, figures on right)

Replication of DNA | Nucleus |  | Synthesis of tRNA | Nucleus |  | Synthesis of mRNA | Nucleus |  | Synthesis of rRNA | Nucleolus |  | Protein Synthesis | Ribosomes |  | Lipid Synthesis | Endoplasmic Reticulum |  | Direction of biosynthetic products to their ultimate destination. | Endoplasmic Reticulum |  | Catalase and peroxidase reactions | Microbodies |  | Sterol degradations in plants | Microbodies |  | Glyoxylate Cycle Reactions | Microbodies |  | Maturation of glycoproteins | Golgi complex |  | Photosynthesis | Chloroplast |  | Citric Acid Cycle | Mitochondria |  | Electon Transport | Mitochondria |  | Oxidative Phosphorylation | Mitochondria |  | Fatty Acid Oxidation | Mitochondria |  | Pyruvate oxidation | Mitochondria |  | Glycogen synthesis and degradation | Glycogen granules |  | Glycolysis | Cytosol |  | Most reactions of gluconeogenesis | Cytosol |  | Pentose phosphate pathway | Cytosol |  | Fatty acid synthesis | Cytosol |  | Amino acid activation | Cytosol |  | Nucleotide synthesis | Cytosol |