Category - Definitions

Query - What definition best describes the term below?

Reversal

Category - Term Recognition

Query - What term does the description below refer to?(Terms are shown on left, descriptions in middle, figures on right)

Aerobic | Refers to the presence of oxygen. |  | Aerobic Glycolysis | Refers to glycolysis which is occuring under conditions where the electron transport system and oxidative phosphorylation are occurring. This means oxygen must be present. |  | Anabolic | Refers to metabolic processes which build larger molecules from smaller ones. |  | Anaerobic | Refers to the absence of oxygen or the absence of a need for it. |  | Anaerobic Glycolysis | Refers to glycolysis which is occurring under conditions in the absence of oxygen. When this process is occurring, NADH must be recycled to NAD+. This usually occurs by production of lactate from pyruvate (animals and some bacteria) or by production of ethanol from pyruvate (yeast). |  | Catabolic | Refers to metabolic processes which break down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy. Glycolysis is one such pathway. |  | Covalent Modification | A means of regulating the activity of some enzymes. In the case of glycogen phosphorylase or pyruvate kinase, it involves putting on or taking off a phosphate group. When glycogen phosphorylase has phosphates on it, it is in the active form. On the other hand, when pyruvate kinase is phosphorylated, it is less active. | Figure 13.18 | Feedforward Activation | Refers to metabolites in a pathway which allosterically activate enzymes that are "ahead" of them in the pathway in which they are metabolized. For example, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate allosterically activates pyruvate kinase by such a mechanism. |  | Fermentation | An energy-yielding metabolic pathway that involves no net change in oxidation state. Anaerobic glycolysis is one example. |  | Glycosidic bonds | Sugars, such as glucose that form ring structures create an asymmetric carbon called an anomer at the site of closing of the ring. This is carbon #1 for aldohexoses and carbon #2 for ketohexoses. If the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon is joined to another molecule, such as a sugar, so as to split out water, the resulting bond is called a this kind of a bond. Glycogen has many such bonds |  | Isozymes | Molecules that are different forms of the same enzyme. |  | Kinase Cascade | Refers to the regulatory cascade involved in hormonal control of cellular actions mediated through cAMP. | Figure 13.18 | Lactose Intolerance | Refers to a condition in humans that results from disappearance of the enzyme lactase from the intestinal mucosal cells after age 4 to 6. In these people, ingestion of milk products causes intestinal distress, because of bacterial action on the lactose that accumulates. |  | Limit Dextrin | Refers to the end product of digestion of amylopectin or glycogen by -amylase. -amylase is unable to cleave maltose units off at 1->6 branch point in the polysaccharides. |  | Oxidative Phosphorylation | Refers to one of the three ways in which ATP is made from ADP in cells. This process occurs in the mitochondria and requires both electron transport and oxygen. |  | Pasteur Effect | Refers to an observation that when anaerobic yeast cultures that are metabolizing glucose are exposed to air, the rate of glucose utilization decreases dramatically. This is due to the fact that in air, aerobic glycolysis is favored and it is much more efficient at producing ATP than anaerobic glycolysis. |  | Phosphorylation | Refers simply to the addition of a phosphate to a molecule. Enzymes that add phosphates to molecules are called kinases. |  | Photophosphorylation | One of three cellular mechanisms for making ATP from ADP. This process occurs in plants and photosynthetic bacteria. Conversion of ADP to ATP by this process depends directly on energy from sunlight. The light energy is captured by a pigment such as chlorophyll and is passed in the form of excited electrons to an electron transport chain; the electron transport chain uses energy from the electrons to create a proton gradient across a membrane, which drives the synthesis of ATP. |  | Regulation | With respect to enzymatic action, this term refers to anything that affects the activity of the enzyme. It can also refer to the control of an entire metabolic pathway. |  | Respiration | With respect to energy metabolism, the process in which cellular energy is generated through the oxidation of nutrient molecules with O2 as the ultimate electron acceptor. |  | Substrate level phosphorylation | One of three cellular mechanisms for making ATP from ADP. Involves a high energy phosphorylated intermediate which tranfers a phosphate to ADP to form ATP. The reaction catalyzed by pyruvate kinase is an example. | Table 13.1

Category - Enzymes

Query - What enzyme/reagent has this activity?

Reversal

Category - Reactions

Query - What reaction does the enzyme below catalyze?

(Enzyme on left, reaction in middle, figure on right)

Lactate dehydrogenase | Pyruvate + NADH + H+ <=> Lactate + NAD+ |  | Alcohol dehydrogenase | Acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ <=> Ethanol + NAD+ |  | Hexokinase | -D-Glucose + ATP <=> -D-Glucose-6-Phosphate + ADP + H+ |  | Phosphoglucoisomerase | -D-glucose-6-phosphate <=> D-fructose-6-phosphate |  | Phosphofructokinase | D-fructose-6-phosphate + ATP <=> D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate |  | Aldolase (fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase | D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate <=> Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + D-Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate |  | Triose phosphate isomerase | Dihydroxyacetone phosphate <=> D-Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate |  | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | D-Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate + NAD+ + Pi <=> 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+ |  | Phosphoglycerate kinase | 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate + ADP <=> 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP |  | Phosphoglycerate mutase | 3-phosphoglycerate <=> 2-phosphoglycerate |  | Enolase | 2-phosphoglycerate <=> Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O |  | Pyruvate Kinase | Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP + H+ <=> Pyruvate + ATP |  | Pyruvate decarboxylase | Pyruvate + H+ +<=> Acetaldehyde + CO2 |  | Galactokinase | Galactose + ATP <=> Galactose-1-Phosphate + ADP |  | UDP-Glucose--D-Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase | Gal1P +UDP-Glucose <=> G1P + UDP-Galactose |  | UDP-galactose epimerase | UDG-Galactose <=> UDP-Glucose |  | Phosphoglucomutase | G1P <=> G6P |  | Aldolase B | F1P <=> dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) + D-glyceraldehyde |  | Maltase | Maltose + H2O <=> 2 Glucose |  | Lactase | Lactose + H2O <=> D-Galactose + D-Glucose |  | Sucrase | Sucrose + H2O <=> D-Fructose + D-Glucose |  | Glycerol kinase | Glycerol + ATP <=> Glycerol-3-Phosphate + ADP + H+ |  | Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | Gly3P + NAD+ <=> DHAP + NADH + H+ |  | amylase | Cleavage of maltose units from glycogen (more than 4 glucoses away from a 1,6 branch point) |  | Debranching enzyme | Debranching of glycogen chains | Figure 13.17 | Glycogen phosphorylase | Cleavage of 1,4-linked glucoses of glycogen to within 4 units of a 1,6 branch point to yield glucose-1-phosphate and glycogen shortened by one glucose unit. |  | Phosphorylase b kinase | Conversion of glycogen phosphorylase b to glycogen phosphorylase a. | Figure 13.18 | Active protein kinase (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) | Conversion of inactive phosphorylase b kinase to active phosphorylase b kinase . | Figure 13.18 | Adenylate cyclase | ATP <=> AMP + PPi |

Category - Structures

Query - What is the structure of the molecule below?

Reversal

Category - Molecules

Query - What is the name of the molecule with the structure below?

(molecules on left, structures in middle, figures on right)

Pyruvate |  |  | L-Lactate |  |  | Ethanol |  |  | Glucose |  |  | -D-glucose-6-phosphate |  |  | D-Fructose-6-phosphate |  |  | D-Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate |  |  | Dihydroxyacetone phosphate |  |  | D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |  |  | 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate |  |  | 3-Phosphoglycerate |  |  | 2-Phosphoglycerate |  |  | Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) |  |  | Acetaldehyde |  |  | Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate |  |  | Galactose |  |  | Mannose |  |  | Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate |  |  | Lactose |  |  | Maltose |  |  | Sucrose |  |  | Glucose-1-phosphate |  |  | Glycerol |  |  | Glycerol-3-phosphate |  |  | cAMP |  |  | AMP |  |  | ADP |  |  | ATP |  |

Category - General

Query - What is the function or action of the molecule below?

Reversal -

Category - General

Query - What molecule has the property described below?

(Molecule on left, function in middle, figure on right)

Calmodulin | Interacts with phosphorylase b kinase to activate it in the presence of calcium |  | NADH | Carry electrons released in oxidation to electron transport chain |  | NAD+ | Accept electrons released in oxidation, forming NADH |  | PEP | High energy glycolysis intermediate involved in substrate level phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP |  | 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate | High energy glycolysis intermediate involved in substrate level phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP |  | Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate | Allosterically activate phosphofructokinase of glycolysis and inhibit fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase of gluconeogenesis |  | Lactate | Produced in lactate fermentation as a mechanism of regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis. |  | Ethanol | Produced in ethanol fermentation as a mechanism of regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis. |  | Iodoacetate | Chemically modifies thiol group in phosphofructokinase and inhibits it |

Category - General

Query - What molecule(s) is (are) the inhibitor(s) of the enzyme below?

Reversal - there is no reversal

(enzyme on left, inhibitors in middle, figures on right)

Phosphofructokinase | ATP, Citrate |  | Hexokinase | Glucose-6-phosphate |  | Pyruvate Kinase | ATP, alanine, acetyl-CoA |

Category - General

Query - What molecule(s) is (are) the inhibitor(s) of the enzyme below?

Reversal - there is no reversal

(enzyme on left, inhibitors in middle, figures on right)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Enzyme | Action | Effect |  |  |  | Pyruvate kinase | phosphorylation | inhibit |  |  |  | Pyruvate kinase | dephosphorylation | activate |  |  |  | Glycogen phosphorylase b | phosphorylate | activate (by converting it to phosphorylase a) |  |  |  | Glycogen phosphorylase a | dephosphorylate | inactivate it (converts it to phosphorylase b) |  |  |  | Phosphorylase b kinase (phosphorylated) | dephosphorylate | inhibit |  |  |  | Phosphorylase b kinase (dephosphorylated) | phosphorylate | activate |  |  |

Category - General

Query - What molecule(s) is (are) the activator(s) of the enzyme below?

Reversal - there is no reversal

(enzyme on left, activators in middle, figures on right)

Phosphofructokinase | Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, AMP |  | Pyruvate Kinase | Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate |  | Glycogen phosphorylase b | AMP |  | cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase) | cAMP |

Category - General

Query - What what effect does phosphorylation/dephosphorylation have on the enzyme below? (note to programmers - the program should pick an enzyme and either phosphorylation or dephosphorylation)

Reversal - there is no reversal

(enzyme on left, action in column 2, effect in column 3, there are no relevant figures)

Enzyme | Action | Effect | Pyruvate kinase | phosphorylation | inhibit | Pyruvate kinase | dephosphorylation | activate | Glycogen phosphorylase b | phosphorylate | activate (by converting it to phosphorylase a) | Glycogen phosphorylase a | dephosphorylate | inactivate it (converts it to phosphorylase b) | Phosphorylase b kinase (phosphorylated) | dephosphorylate | inhibit | Phosphorylase b kinase (dephosphorylated) | phosphorylate | activate